tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64666953051257910222024-03-16T00:36:10.108-07:00Indigenous BoatsSMALL CRAFT OUTSIDE THE WESTERN TRADITIONBob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.comBlogger385125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-49608440580393854972024-01-30T03:15:00.000-08:002024-01-30T03:26:11.123-08:00Classification of Junks by Worcester - Free Download<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4lytem828ACN9BhysN9DjAHT9zLJFnnwtavr9YJC0yBF56AeCmUkpIwNHt-BqEgIkwe99SZsc9yPj5avsh2QsloWKJ3fkhDJJfPIYQUN3giaibWI_djeEgswwBw_C6gCA0pYUmMVTjVwGKkS90gRK4zLWT7wAVVIPE8DLSD35ZsORvGX52qt9sMClWg4/s893/Worcester%20bows.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Four bow types of junks: Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fukien, Kwangtung" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="893" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4lytem828ACN9BhysN9DjAHT9zLJFnnwtavr9YJC0yBF56AeCmUkpIwNHt-BqEgIkwe99SZsc9yPj5avsh2QsloWKJ3fkhDJJfPIYQUN3giaibWI_djeEgswwBw_C6gCA0pYUmMVTjVwGKkS90gRK4zLWT7wAVVIPE8DLSD35ZsORvGX52qt9sMClWg4/w400-h163/Worcester%20bows.png" title="Bow diagrams of Chinese junks" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bow typology of Chinese junks, from <i>A Classification of the Principal Chinese Sea-going Junks</i> by Worcester (1948).</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Continuing our series of free downloads of books about Asian watercraft, we are pleased to offer the useful <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lCLt686xNOsIAIm2IIvkwSap8MCKaAVL/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">A Classification of the Principal Chinese Sea-going Junks (South of the Yangtze)</a>, by G.R.G. Worcester, made available to us by a contributor who wishes to remain anonymous. The book was published by China's Inspectorate General of Customs in 1948. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Focusing entirely on sailing craft, Worcester identifies 93 junk types in the area of study. Few of them are less than 50' (about 15m) LOA and some are well over 100' (30m). His guide to identification relies on three main characteristics. In order of importance they are: bow shape; stern shape, and (surprisingly), decoration and color scheme, which, he says, are highly characteristic of the region in which each type is found. Also suprising is that he lists the rig as a characteristic of secondary importance, less significant in identification than color and decoration. His typology for the main bow types is shown above.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Each type is depicted on a two-page spread, with the left page bearing a profile drawing of the ship above the waterline, including its rig. The right-hand page is consistently formatted with details of design, locale, and usage, as shown in the example below.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifUGQWLPmsaVn0pndH9NSkF1g-AsUoECUtQuq-jUDu5OcaHpR68VsziIPk1E_2o4DfC3LfHBJjSeFpvU67UjjdU8QouQyg_OSW2S0DeUS3SZq9Ec5rMLV_7PR7GleeX1ro6W8uKcITJHvMuVD8L7LpnwOjFVzNma5zgVmx0hx5Wx-kueUCNQI8RCLjLzE/s1000/Worcester%20yeng%20chang%20trader.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Junk profile diagram and description" border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1000" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifUGQWLPmsaVn0pndH9NSkF1g-AsUoECUtQuq-jUDu5OcaHpR68VsziIPk1E_2o4DfC3LfHBJjSeFpvU67UjjdU8QouQyg_OSW2S0DeUS3SZq9Ec5rMLV_7PR7GleeX1ro6W8uKcITJHvMuVD8L7LpnwOjFVzNma5zgVmx0hx5Wx-kueUCNQI8RCLjLzE/w400-h258/Worcester%20yeng%20chang%20trader.PNG" title="Yencheng trader junk description and image" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yencheng Trader-type junk, an example of the type descriptions in <i>A Classification of the Principal Chinese Sea-going Junks</i> by Worcester (1948).</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Other books on Chinese and East Asian watercraft are available for <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" target="_blank">free download on this page</a>, including other works by Worcester.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-24908800043954000532024-01-17T07:12:00.000-08:002024-01-17T07:23:26.355-08:00Worcester's Upper Yangtze vessels - Free download<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSueQoumwL4Uwgi3rK-gfAUGX0eSuwXthJg-A3ZitiFYQXZXZy0GINcnnZCrqULCeRirLL5RpOgLakTbQOi7x8AyvlcjHTrSIIUy4uPd0QcUdk4SkvTDOa3tgRCt_XwPZdqbAt1ZZjwI_mUzzZaMkN7TO1QZdkBAVrO45zKLIxwFyLHXYLik_qiT6W_Ao/s943/Hung%20Ch'uan%20Worcester.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Includes profile and plan views, identification flag, and Chinese characters from hull marking" border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="943" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSueQoumwL4Uwgi3rK-gfAUGX0eSuwXthJg-A3ZitiFYQXZXZy0GINcnnZCrqULCeRirLL5RpOgLakTbQOi7x8AyvlcjHTrSIIUy4uPd0QcUdk4SkvTDOa3tgRCt_XwPZdqbAt1ZZjwI_mUzzZaMkN7TO1QZdkBAVrO45zKLIxwFyLHXYLik_qiT6W_Ao/w400-h310/Hung%20Ch'uan%20Worcester.PNG" title="Chinese river lifeboat plan" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">A river lifeboat, from <i>Junks and Sampans of the Upper Yangtze </i>(1940), by G.R.G. Worcester (Plate 9).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ToSuC-06kBJPu_J_eWW1ChlEaX7Qju98/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Junks and Sampans of the Upper Yangtze</a> by G.R.G. Worcester (1940, published by the Inspector General of Customs of China) is now available for free download. It joins Worcester's other works on the traditional vessels of the Yangtze (J<i style="background-color: white;">unks and Sampans of the Yangtze: </i><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ynYe3ju5i37Aqvymg1oO0eMwDVfqzdm1/view?usp=sharing" style="background-color: white; color: #2d8930;" target="_blank">Volume 1: Introduction: and Craft of the Estuary and Shanghai Area</a>; and <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-2X506iAnWHeRfI2ONQmgkjUsabXqlC3/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Volume 2:</a><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-2X506iAnWHeRfI2ONQmgkjUsabXqlC3/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">The Craft of the Lower and Middle Yangtze and Tributaries</a>, on our page of downloads, where you'll find <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" target="_blank">other books on Asian watercraft</a>. The newest document was made available by an enthusiast who chooses to remain anonymous but to whom we are most grateful.</i></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Like Volumes 1 and 2, the "Upper Yangtze" volume is a comprehensive survey of the traditional watercraft in the area under study, covering boat types, construction details, and fascinating descriptions of each boat type's design, history, and use. Worcester was an Englishman employed as a river inspector for China's Maritime Customs Service.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">The Hung Ch'uan boat shown at the top, was a life boat. Dozens of these "red boats" </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(known as such for their characteristic color) </span><span style="font-family: arial;">were stationed along treacherous stretches of river, where they came to the aid of vessels in distress and saved hundreds of lives annually. The one shown measured 30' LOA by 7' beam. The characters on the flag identify its operator as "The Society for Rescuing Drowning People, Lower Section, Lungmenhao, South Bank, Chungking".</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIwFwgSNNztNI-JNSCyAaY13MKSEUbLC4Aaj3QPqmmpEmd1tIu4sHx6GwOjFDmDDfoHz5zIvvb2rco5NxUCpRAxYkVgIJFtbgbXGdJ2hCxGLkFxNS89Dfzh2W-iUbT3KYMbYMXSY5byeuG9GOAIFyAECBQj_FljCGaYu6oE0YxYfjq8PUZU9GMSdd0Hg/s795/Tracking%20line%20tackle%20Worcester.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Diagram of rigging on towing mast, sliding metal collar, and configuration of rig on profile view of vessel" border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="608" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtIwFwgSNNztNI-JNSCyAaY13MKSEUbLC4Aaj3QPqmmpEmd1tIu4sHx6GwOjFDmDDfoHz5zIvvb2rco5NxUCpRAxYkVgIJFtbgbXGdJ2hCxGLkFxNS89Dfzh2W-iUbT3KYMbYMXSY5byeuG9GOAIFyAECBQj_FljCGaYu6oE0YxYfjq8PUZU9GMSdd0Hg/w306-h400/Tracking%20line%20tackle%20Worcester.PNG" title="Tracking tackle for Chinese river craft" width="306" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Tracking tackle and rigging, from <i>Junks and Sampans of the Upper Yangtze </i>(1940), by G.R.G. Worcester (Plate 4).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">The second image shows the tackle used for tracking a boat upstream with a line made from braided strips of bamboo. The number of men hauling the tracking line could vary from one to hundreds, depending upon the size and weight of the boat and the speed and pitch of the current. Other illustrations in the book show sail rigs, rudder configurations, and comparative vessel profiles. It's well worth a look and a download. Enjoy!</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-4998252804837225232023-12-09T03:00:00.000-08:002023-12-09T03:00:20.572-08:00The Warrau Canoe and the Construction of Landscape<p><span style="font-family: arial;">In October, I gave a presentation titled <i>The Warrau Canoe and the Construction of Landscape </i>at the first Early Watercraft Congress in Vila do Conde, Portugal. The presentation was derived from my PhD thesis (in process), which is based on fieldwork</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">conducted in 2022 and 2023 </span><span style="font-family: arial;">in Imbotero, a small village of Indigenous Warrau people in northwest Guyana. The canoes in question are dugouts, and "construction of landscape" refers to the cognitive processes of making sense of the physical environment in which the people live and creating personal and social structures to suit. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Click the image below to view the video on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/A9iHhF0Y4FE?si=XMAZWCgTyjSVIWua&t=1518" target="_blank">YouTube</a>. A brief introduction to my presentation, by Dr. Niall Gregory, begins at 25:18.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/A9iHhF0Y4FE?si=XMAZWCgTyjSVIWua&t=1518" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="856" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-hJOXuE8mkiFk3ftwwsSnWQuKoMstDYJgxnwQovM24Dw9Pyr16506KJuV9aeRsx1lPzZ6cMazaFfnGhxjCye1iNstxBWqH_d2SuKwaPJ53wr82iwn5uHfzWvfCF20ZVXB1PxgQYzyly3NwKlHmXi5JcWOIX9YhZhQQhHZxmGJbWz2pIKEQHzdwaCWiLI=w400-h239" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />Do watch the other presentations before and after mine on this video, and some of the other excellent presentations from the conference:</span><p></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@EarlyWatercraftCongress"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/@EarlyWatercraftCongress</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/dmaHAgopDQY?si=Ie5MjuUqTVbjGu23"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/live/dmaHAgopDQY?si=Ie5MjuUqTVbjGu23</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/YtCjb_LOd7Y?si=6_QA351a5MYDBm8r"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/live/YtCjb_LOd7Y?si=6_QA351a5MYDBm8r</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/LbJtqd2VtsA?si=i8Mf9oGavhL1L5kI"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/live/LbJtqd2VtsA?si=i8Mf9oGavhL1L5kI</span></a></p><p><a href="https://youtu.be/kTxgw-yAZek?si=LmxPMpq7e3J5oGau"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://youtu.be/kTxgw-yAZek?si=LmxPMpq7e3J5oGau</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/HEdLmWdSVNc?si=LYHWESrEzJLvwJmZ"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/live/HEdLmWdSVNc?si=LYHWESrEzJLvwJmZ</span></a></p><p><a href="https://youtu.be/MyEdiF6q_BI?si=kxGraGUhuoWs2dax"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://youtu.be/MyEdiF6q_BI?si=kxGraGUhuoWs2dax</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/2o2kBeNu8Cg?si=HpV0Bbbv9SolOxGf"><span style="font-family: arial;">https://www.youtube.com/live/2o2kBeNu8Cg?si=HpV0Bbbv9SolOxGf</span></a></p><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-42231624140032060252023-11-25T03:54:00.000-08:002024-02-12T00:02:48.131-08:00Poujade's and Piétri's books on traditional Vietnamese boats: free dowloads<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEms2hUz8Q1ttipri5qiKuSbaQctplykgb1105d4lHhHDObwiCEoeolCVXPJ9FgAcaq3_CrMam5MDWPQ0JS5dmE-Lu8HzGSoCfPOaZEqEA5fz02Rn1viA1FvaO9BYekEPbVUPiBt-4we3U4zBmOz1gJ3LYaY2HqP-hg65qRYAjc71FWRGyUEckeLJMVs8/s913/Pietri%20fig.29.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="16 detail illustrations of blocks and pulleys from traditional Indochinese boats" border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="532" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEms2hUz8Q1ttipri5qiKuSbaQctplykgb1105d4lHhHDObwiCEoeolCVXPJ9FgAcaq3_CrMam5MDWPQ0JS5dmE-Lu8HzGSoCfPOaZEqEA5fz02Rn1viA1FvaO9BYekEPbVUPiBt-4we3U4zBmOz1gJ3LYaY2HqP-hg65qRYAjc71FWRGyUEckeLJMVs8/w186-h320/Pietri%20fig.29.PNG" title="blocks and pulleys from Indochinese boats" width="186" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Blocks and pulleys on</span>Vietnamese sailboats. From <i style="font-family: times;">Sailboats of Indochina</i><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">(</span><i style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">Voiliers d'Indochine</i><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">)</span><span style="font-family: times;"> by J. B. Pi</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: times; text-align: left;">é</span><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">tri.</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Thanks to a contributor who wishes to remain anonymous, I'm delighted to present two more works on the boats of Vietnam for free download: <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fxJi35kn4WrUwdT99XU7Q6s27OMYyT7i/view?usp=sharing">Sailboats of Indochina</a> by J. B. Pi<span style="background-color: white; color: #202124;">é</span>tri, and <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EJXEHELIf5bvVtIcBGvEsNYSx0dFYvBT/view?usp=sharing">Bateaux en Indochine</a> by Jean Poujade. They join a page of other free <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html">downloads of books on Chinese and Southeast Asian watercraft</a>.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Pi</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial;">é</span><span style="font-family: arial;">tri was a fisheries officer for the French colonial government in Indochina, and he evidently travelled the coast intensively and documented everything he saw. His </span><span style="font-family: arial;">work, presented in English translation, is an encyclopaedic survey of boat types by geographic area, with detailed descriptions and fine illustrations of construction methods, fittings such as rigging details, achors, and rudders, and how each boat type is used. </span><span style="font-family: arial;">The French edition of 1949 (<i>Voiliers d'Indochine</i>) was translated by Stephanie Dumont and published by the Vietnam Wooden Boat Foundation, Port Townsend, Washington, in 2006. I have attempted unsuccessfully to contact the VWBF and the translator for permission to make the book available. I welcome the parties to contact me to discuss the matter. I will respect copyright requests by its current owner.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Poujade's shorter work, presented in the original French, consists of brief essays on a small selection of boat types, accompanied by pleasing drawings in pencil. Poujade was an officer in the maritime law department of the French colonial navy in the Far East.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTqkC89wZ6XbMhwS8SUX_9uxqsHktvRN1XpR0w6Wk0XcjZgtbu_hwm6V5ZSMxOXTwkMtnHpUvMc7bjYxT-sjBLsEpEtrJEAUNChJVomyYrBGgBvaUoGm7ib62Sqg8aehbqbYXSMFXX3P3vcTHnz5y6vOOHLi4cJtggN33fkCFIRwV0Fj1-Q2T1vetEGBQ/s828/Poujade%20snip.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Small Vietnamese fishing boat with high-peaked lugsail and three crew rowing" border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="616" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTqkC89wZ6XbMhwS8SUX_9uxqsHktvRN1XpR0w6Wk0XcjZgtbu_hwm6V5ZSMxOXTwkMtnHpUvMc7bjYxT-sjBLsEpEtrJEAUNChJVomyYrBGgBvaUoGm7ib62Sqg8aehbqbYXSMFXX3P3vcTHnz5y6vOOHLi4cJtggN33fkCFIRwV0Fj1-Q2T1vetEGBQ/w238-h320/Poujade%20snip.PNG" title="Small Vietnamese fishing boat" width="238" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A small Vietnamese fishing boat. From <i>Bateaux en Indochine</i> by Jean Poujade.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">REVISION 12 FEBRUARY, 2024: Some readers are finding problems with the maritime terminology in the English translation of Petrie's <i>Sailboats of Indochina</i> (</span><i style="font-family: arial;">Voiliers d'Indochine)</i><span style="font-family: arial;"> posted here. A translation that some find superior is avalable at reasonable cost on Lulu.com as an <a href="https://www.lulu.com/shop/vietnam-wooden-boat-foundation/sailboats-of-indochina/ebook/product-19qppdyw.html?q=Sailboats+of+Indochina++Petrie" target="_blank">e-book</a> and in <a href="https://www.lulu.com/shop/vietnam-wooden-boat-foundation/sailboats-of-indochina/paperback/product-19577nj.html?q=Sailboats+of+Indochina++Petrie" target="_blank">paperback</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">REVISION, 28 Nov. 2023: The French original of </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Pi</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial;">é</span><span style="font-family: arial;">tri's work, </span><i style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UGSfSdDw2kSmcTTKb8nzmbfskYNSCvl5/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Voiliers d'Indochine</a></i><span style="font-family: arial;">, is also available on this blog's download page.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-585392758478006652023-09-27T00:32:00.000-07:002023-11-28T12:43:55.181-08:00Download Volume 2 of Worcester's Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61VMHompdYS080kgXkBOpwceo_iLFny0YPQVcfeyB8JvDM3XaHpSNzFI_8tdWrNggg4sg9rqw5_2XO-POw23Guf0YY9QTHnW2Y7D3jr0Xvc12FLRug1U4Wn7J1V4YBsvtsjYnfBZqdhhYS6MCchH6s5azpo95PgIrtQu0lHu3rCsk_Q3ZylHdyOeerZc/s1119/Worcester%20v2%20p393.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Miao-Ch'uan boat Low and narrow, heavily built on eight bulkheads, with long bow sweep and short towing mast" border="0" data-original-height="873" data-original-width="1119" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61VMHompdYS080kgXkBOpwceo_iLFny0YPQVcfeyB8JvDM3XaHpSNzFI_8tdWrNggg4sg9rqw5_2XO-POw23Guf0YY9QTHnW2Y7D3jr0Xvc12FLRug1U4Wn7J1V4YBsvtsjYnfBZqdhhYS6MCchH6s5azpo95PgIrtQu0lHu3rCsk_Q3ZylHdyOeerZc/w400-h313/Worcester%20v2%20p393.PNG" title="Miao-Ch'uan boat line drawing, plan, S-section and sheerline views" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: left;">Miao-Ch'uan boat, from </span><i style="text-align: left;">Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, Vol. 2, G.R.G. Worcester</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Now available for free download is <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-2X506iAnWHeRfI2ONQmgkjUsabXqlC3/view?usp=sharing">Volume 2</a> of G.R.G. Worcester's huge and detailed work, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze: The Craft of the Lower and Middle Yangtze and Tributaries</i><span style="font-family: arial;">. It joins Volume 1 and other books on Asian watercraft on our <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html">page of free downloads</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Among the hundreds of craft included are the lovely Miao-Ch'uan or Miao boat (above). The one shown, at 47' LOA, beam ~5', and depth 2', is a typical size for the type. Although slender and graceful, they are heavily built on eight bulkheads, for use in rapids. During downstream travel, control is maintained with the long bow sweep; to move upstream, the craft is tracked with a line fixed to the short mast. They were used to carry cargoes of beans, cotton, yarn, and gypsum, and by hog farmers to carry pigs, meat, manure and feed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">The tiny double sampan below, a little more than 5' long and 5' broad, was used by fishermen on calm waters, using a long-handled net to scoop up fish between the twin hulls. It was light enough to pick up and carry home at the end of the day.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6iXRbdCTIlH-vwMqknr8OuyXipVggfB2VFx3dqR3hdiEqHAkNKmpHCuwx6KphAbzF8q2WHUdylW7dcj5TKx1HR96oAz2v5kjtvk8Mke88ZUHeZ64dSROwscvWxKn1ItgGq3D6I9o6VjbEv-et8qsBRabxv91Hde0JlBBSQSRSdcasYv1BGY2P_rOVwAw/s849/Worcester%20v2%20p427.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="I-Change boat drawing: plan, sheerline and section views" border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="569" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6iXRbdCTIlH-vwMqknr8OuyXipVggfB2VFx3dqR3hdiEqHAkNKmpHCuwx6KphAbzF8q2WHUdylW7dcj5TKx1HR96oAz2v5kjtvk8Mke88ZUHeZ64dSROwscvWxKn1ItgGq3D6I9o6VjbEv-et8qsBRabxv91Hde0JlBBSQSRSdcasYv1BGY2P_rOVwAw/w268-h400/Worcester%20v2%20p427.PNG" title="I-Chang boat: a very small twin-hull sampan" width="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">Ichang "Water Shoes", from </span><i style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, Vol. 2, G.R.G. Worcester<br /></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-34974629542955583042023-09-17T08:10:00.000-07:002023-11-28T12:44:22.610-08:00Download G.R.G. Worcester's "Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, Vol. 1"<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_NWfb9GolE-TcgrTxup__t-M3EuWPfnGEf2Z6zN6y6tmhru4Qxg8jf9XNtiLshvQHNN9ddqK_IgiTw95V0mfWg8FwGJOKQ3sGKMH2_bSnV4QDRp1wjPTgyTzChYfZWz2C4-26NHXPZzwz7cmMS1Ld3sDfVUq-RsusmuYEp895Y19k8XoiFwyySd811jY/s819/Worcester%20vol.1%20pl.64.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Construction drawing of a small skiff propelled by a yulow." border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="644" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_NWfb9GolE-TcgrTxup__t-M3EuWPfnGEf2Z6zN6y6tmhru4Qxg8jf9XNtiLshvQHNN9ddqK_IgiTw95V0mfWg8FwGJOKQ3sGKMH2_bSnV4QDRp1wjPTgyTzChYfZWz2C4-26NHXPZzwz7cmMS1Ld3sDfVUq-RsusmuYEp895Y19k8XoiFwyySd811jY/w315-h400/Worcester%20vol.1%20pl.64.PNG" title="Construction drawing of a small skiff propelled by a yulow." width="315" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A skiff propelled by a yulow, or stern sculling oar. From Worcester, G.R.G., <i>The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, Vol.1</i> (1947).<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;">Now available for free download is G.R.G.Worcester's monumental study The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze (1947), </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ynYe3ju5i37Aqvymg1oO0eMwDVfqzdm1/view?usp=sharing" style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank">Volume 1: Introduction: and Craft of the Estuary and Shanghai Area</a>. <span style="font-family: arial;">It contains lengthy descriptions of an amazing number of boat and ship types and dozens of plates of very clean construction plans similar to the one above, although most are of larger vessels. The Introduction details propulsion methods, rigging arrangements (like the image below), rudder configurations, anchors and other fittings. </span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3uaAH63Jz2gC9PJBQyuqO-Kr5OyL43u834gZY7z0axo0eMMss2lWt_HZsHICEf5AmmW2Eo-PGe4FlhOmfGe8NwjCPop_0egt1MUY3SiwHAnt9iDGyXFmXQV6LNPaEQ0w7PMRzxF73hqmU3YVANUX5MG5eAI-DKdqj5ArkvbhQoWjfALo_zW-1l7ENAdc/s906/Worcester%20vol.2%20pl.20.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Details of spritsail rigging from a junk." border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="719" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3uaAH63Jz2gC9PJBQyuqO-Kr5OyL43u834gZY7z0axo0eMMss2lWt_HZsHICEf5AmmW2Eo-PGe4FlhOmfGe8NwjCPop_0egt1MUY3SiwHAnt9iDGyXFmXQV6LNPaEQ0w7PMRzxF73hqmU3YVANUX5MG5eAI-DKdqj5ArkvbhQoWjfALo_zW-1l7ENAdc/w318-h400/Worcester%20vol.2%20pl.20.PNG" title="Details of spritsail rigging from a junk." width="318" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Details of spritsail rigging. From Worcester, G.R.G., <i>The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, Vol.1</i> (1947).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-41353060474732892982023-09-01T22:57:00.003-07:002023-09-01T22:58:44.164-07:00Download Farrère and Fouqueray's Rare "Jonques et Sampans" Free<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1QyLZYOLNqRDyPeET4yJsSwtP3AV2DmC8fQB6zNSwyGroH8SzndV1WqTyTwi_0xz9tQBVVCv2DiHlABxm1AgMmsQ16XtDvAaAkPhkk5DmrgEHLnwYNYRQH3E5JgRrpXzu8VaoYYWhZ42p0c9jXRzfqiOxH4N3ShQZ1yutZ0yH_xExDtmXGIp7hX5uz24/s823/Fouqueray%20follows%20p28.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="823" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1QyLZYOLNqRDyPeET4yJsSwtP3AV2DmC8fQB6zNSwyGroH8SzndV1WqTyTwi_0xz9tQBVVCv2DiHlABxm1AgMmsQ16XtDvAaAkPhkk5DmrgEHLnwYNYRQH3E5JgRrpXzu8VaoYYWhZ42p0c9jXRzfqiOxH4N3ShQZ1yutZ0yH_xExDtmXGIp7hX5uz24/w400-h264/Fouqueray%20follows%20p28.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">"Le Port de Saigon", from <i>Jonques et Sampans</i>, p.28 (of PDF)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Now available for free download is </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cyjpky9mLNx5d6iDtlinbeP76_J8vpIc/view?usp=sharing" style="font-family: arial; letter-spacing: -0.64px;" target="_blank">Jonques et Sampans</a><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;"> by </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px; letter-spacing: -0.04em;">Claude</span><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.52px;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Farr</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px; letter-spacing: -0.04em;">ère </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px; letter-spacing: -0.04em;">and Charles Fouqueray</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The valuable, hand-painted limited edition (500 copies) book, published in 1945, was scanned and made available to us by a generous enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The text of <i>Jonques et Sampans</i> is in French and i</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">s less technical than the other books on our <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" target="_blank">free downloads page</a></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">. It describes watercraft in China, Indochina, and Singapore and </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">is illustrated with dozens of beautiful watercolors.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBmTYby-1BwKtd_dQw_F6de7dh9OeEjK8DkhX8H485B2jmJXA6tsI2-C9mOPFjlRWR1_xh2GF3q_dt0QHuj53pkZSrlZ1mq2maFvwPzqH43uRF6tUx6vcJxgDBy7WJ1QxnCBbu0xy_zjeX6FSJiquTYqC3gKhRA0eQpNgTCVda5i29hoKgPXZVp3xS-A/s791/Fouqueray%20p75.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="791" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisBmTYby-1BwKtd_dQw_F6de7dh9OeEjK8DkhX8H485B2jmJXA6tsI2-C9mOPFjlRWR1_xh2GF3q_dt0QHuj53pkZSrlZ1mq2maFvwPzqH43uRF6tUx6vcJxgDBy7WJ1QxnCBbu0xy_zjeX6FSJiquTYqC3gKhRA0eQpNgTCVda5i29hoKgPXZVp3xS-A/w400-h263/Fouqueray%20p75.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Small craft in Hue, from Jonques et Sampans, p.75 (of PDF)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-85841473976472410232023-08-19T14:38:00.007-07:002023-08-19T14:50:04.788-07:00Coastal Vessels of Thailand - Free Book Download<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Now available for free download is the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1W-D_CLkDjrFiPd0vDTgISuvmdMFayF6p/view?usp=sharing">Green Book of Coastal Vessels of Thailand</a>, published in 1967 by a joint Thai-U.S. military research group as an identification guide and instruction manual for interdiction of boats engaged in weapons smuggling, sabotage, spying, and similar activities. It joins other books </span><span style="font-family: arial;">on our <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html">page of free downloads</a>, including</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"> </span><a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/junk-blue-book.html" style="background-color: white; color: #881100; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;" target="_blank">The Junk Blue Book: A Handbook of Junks of South Vietnam</a><span style="font-family: arial;">, which was written for much the same purpose.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The scan was made available by a generous enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Published in both English and Thai in a single volume, <i>The Green Book </i>was the result of a survey of thousands of coastal vessels. A typology of 14 categories was compiled, into which dozens of specific examples were placed. Each example is shown on two pages in photos and a profile silhouette, as shown below, plus a map of typical locations -- because boats not in their accustomed locations were considered suspicious. There </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">is also information about shipboard activities, fishing methods, crewing, smuggling methods, and much more to help military personnel identify boats engaged in unauthorised activities.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJSQa7FRPt2bFfSYlQ4MEB4ShcjvvT93UhYb09mxMy7ZSKIeR0AvFy17ZAzr7vzo7fRREfGfXlRb08SxccZQrfPdk6O4OrtVoE367lp_y12oRYhLFX-1Q7fVqYmtf23tnvfJV807UW1nK-npYgK1EzKfulRdrAxWtwFcYfd9T_UbTHWPYM0HdHyGMVKU/s966/Green%20book%201.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="966" data-original-width="614" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCJSQa7FRPt2bFfSYlQ4MEB4ShcjvvT93UhYb09mxMy7ZSKIeR0AvFy17ZAzr7vzo7fRREfGfXlRb08SxccZQrfPdk6O4OrtVoE367lp_y12oRYhLFX-1Q7fVqYmtf23tnvfJV807UW1nK-npYgK1EzKfulRdrAxWtwFcYfd9T_UbTHWPYM0HdHyGMVKU/w254-h400/Green%20book%201.PNG" width="254" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjewthAU2KbfLgqN1j7cBwXMkNH-eYIgRVk3gwV-mmF2qbGkSIwc5Dc5Z4mibKBLY2UrpivCWts_LLB66xgE6wwFP9pNdC7qPldfcoqbjLciC7WXfkXYkQOPzy2kwZ8DFKNlOEoqQmShHrz3I5tPwAULrHbIWoYIg9r7a4xRIHVRp8aOF5fuycUjfHzzfI/s961/Green%20book%202.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="961" data-original-width="609" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjewthAU2KbfLgqN1j7cBwXMkNH-eYIgRVk3gwV-mmF2qbGkSIwc5Dc5Z4mibKBLY2UrpivCWts_LLB66xgE6wwFP9pNdC7qPldfcoqbjLciC7WXfkXYkQOPzy2kwZ8DFKNlOEoqQmShHrz3I5tPwAULrHbIWoYIg9r7a4xRIHVRp8aOF5fuycUjfHzzfI/w254-h400/Green%20book%202.PNG" width="254" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Two pages of description and images of one boat type from </span><i style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Green Book of Coastal Vessels of Thailand</i><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-56008962677049988052023-08-14T01:33:00.001-07:002023-08-14T01:35:38.749-07:00Download Audemard's "History of the Junk" Free <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: arial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpJ9xYA3xj5XxU7LAj_1NT6FLy452kehlO5ymS7wnw6MLRZy1jvcYYUaM8EPdpMHfetcF-uEc8Q6UeO7YHVEGgPZeu54avJlnzlUv1rdV_DyIVkSvxaRbvzvs7zgMlu_ggKNbmdDK1_HabUXpiLsYY8GcuhI_-82mCpEKb0FcBgJd5Fv166gu1UKe5CI/s747/Audemard%20v1%20pl29.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="494" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtpJ9xYA3xj5XxU7LAj_1NT6FLy452kehlO5ymS7wnw6MLRZy1jvcYYUaM8EPdpMHfetcF-uEc8Q6UeO7YHVEGgPZeu54avJlnzlUv1rdV_DyIVkSvxaRbvzvs7zgMlu_ggKNbmdDK1_HabUXpiLsYY8GcuhI_-82mCpEKb0FcBgJd5Fv166gu1UKe5CI/w265-h400/Audemard%20v1%20pl29.PNG" width="265" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A Chinese ship shaped like a dragon. From L. Audemard, <i style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Les Jonques Chinoises, vol. 1, plate 29.</i> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">And the first shall be last.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Now available for free download is the first volume of L. Audemard's 10-volume series,<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uh10k7iR827f0hE-RDi7Ai0qhJjOSFkW/view?usp=sharing" style="color: #2d8930;" target="_blank">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 1: Histoire de la Jonque</a></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">(1957)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">. Volumes 2-10 are also available on </span><a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">this page</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">With the exception of the photographic portrait of Capt. Audemard, below, all the illustrations are from historical Chinese sources, like the one at the top of this post. Like the other volumes in the series, the book is in French.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The series was </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">published </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">by the <a href="https://www.volkenkunde.nl/" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Museum Voor Land en Volkenkunde</a> and Miritiem Museum "Prins Hendrik", which have given us permission to post them. Scans were made available by a generous enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT3aNuRj5rGm-N6txCYMTtNl8oMrxXCx-z3UL4EcKpsMHTSsf3ujjhAK0ESjoFzfEW-ard0yV1C9l6fpcD3vWfMGxTEMbQakVPqwG5Fla86UUtc2xj-okbdAOri0jfVL2ti-6UcjjxZ32WTb7MDgbai_1pTFYOhnG9Ep6orUrcBxdk5c-CQk1vCwCJnHo/s624/Audemard%20v1%20portrait.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="451" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT3aNuRj5rGm-N6txCYMTtNl8oMrxXCx-z3UL4EcKpsMHTSsf3ujjhAK0ESjoFzfEW-ard0yV1C9l6fpcD3vWfMGxTEMbQakVPqwG5Fla86UUtc2xj-okbdAOri0jfVL2ti-6UcjjxZ32WTb7MDgbai_1pTFYOhnG9Ep6orUrcBxdk5c-CQk1vCwCJnHo/w289-h400/Audemard%20v1%20portrait.PNG" width="289" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">Capitaine de Fr</span></span>é<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;">gate L. Audemard. From volume 1 of his series </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: times; text-align: left;">Les Jonques Chinoises.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-30450098857935520712023-08-06T08:48:00.001-07:002023-08-06T08:48:25.817-07:00Boats of Vietnam and China's East Coast - free book downloads<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip75J9IuO7xDjXenDMy7uN8Ua6A3hoA7AEaa1MloO98XcyvDkdmXdVaWherzr7Bmlf4esTl6WU5I8jPb6BQG5QCCUYR3IdOztoNuAO_1RqRQWd-PMClWuJoIRdN6Z2YZ4A_VPEcbYEgez-9kjV3ipMnAioIHXcEA20Xhy4GjQ--UpBvcIn7QLKQfWwOL4/s888/Audemard%20v.X%20pl.42.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="888" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip75J9IuO7xDjXenDMy7uN8Ua6A3hoA7AEaa1MloO98XcyvDkdmXdVaWherzr7Bmlf4esTl6WU5I8jPb6BQG5QCCUYR3IdOztoNuAO_1RqRQWd-PMClWuJoIRdN6Z2YZ4A_VPEcbYEgez-9kjV3ipMnAioIHXcEA20Xhy4GjQ--UpBvcIn7QLKQfWwOL4/s320/Audemard%20v.X%20pl.42.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Vietnamese "three plank canoe" (i.e., sampan) of stitched construction, used in shallow and rocky tributaries of the Mekong River. From Audemard, <i style="text-align: left;">Les Jonques Chinoises, vol. 10, plate 42.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Now available for download are two more volumes of the series </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Les Jonques Chinoises</i><span style="font-family: arial;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">by </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">L. Audemard</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">:</span></p><p></p><p style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;"></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m-lfHfNTZQM4wDeTeodo7E5pWNDbvQmY/view?usp=sharing" style="color: #881100;">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 9: Côtes Est</a> (east coasts), 1970. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/15fVRiSHT3L9Wd31MNoFK5GqKHZ5SDuvn/view?usp=drive_link" style="color: #881100;">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 10: Indochine</a> (Indochina [i.e., Vietnam]), 1971</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Both are in French and full of wonderful illustrations showing the vast range of traditional watercraft types of these regions. For non-French speakers, Google Translate makes it easy enough to make sense of the text concerning any boat that piques your curiosity. </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The volumes were </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">published </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">by the <a href="https://www.volkenkunde.nl/" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Museum Voor Land en Volkenkunde</a> and Miritiem Museum "Prins Hendrik", which have given us permission to post them here. Scans were made available to us by an enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Several <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">other volumes in this series</a> are available on the same page; all are free downloads.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk7xZlPwF5jOcZONuEP64uaaFxeThB-29D8OS-1I3zKv6xnE-Tixhpob_asVvC1g_2AAXi9fig01zUo_Cs5pDIzgshNeD52jMxrplpQ1HAl_rNmabpErnw2NgWCVF6HeMmWEa5DySNzAnpvsEn7UGZfk33RykvHjLSkqHCmMCa0uilkLNv06sb8Qx88ZE/s827/Audemard%20v.IX%20pl.78.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="827" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk7xZlPwF5jOcZONuEP64uaaFxeThB-29D8OS-1I3zKv6xnE-Tixhpob_asVvC1g_2AAXi9fig01zUo_Cs5pDIzgshNeD52jMxrplpQ1HAl_rNmabpErnw2NgWCVF6HeMmWEa5DySNzAnpvsEn7UGZfk33RykvHjLSkqHCmMCa0uilkLNv06sb8Qx88ZE/s320/Audemard%20v.IX%20pl.78.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">A fisherman's raft from the island of Amoy, built of 5-6 bamboo stems about 2m long, tied with cords of bamboo fiber. From Audemard, <i style="text-align: left;">Les Jonques Chinoises, vol. 9, plate 78.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-87850065143163350862023-08-01T01:21:00.011-07:002023-08-01T05:18:23.213-07:00Watercraft on Lower Yang Tse River and China's Coast - Free Downloads<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAkWqaMSSkchgFIsf8savxfh8Vlgi2kbzs3reCMv8vZxEINRJqMk6ESjAILU870_phlokFLzLTvLvvrePqiXPj07b4_PQycU8vp9jnfTKoNw0IkbP2YCKf3z-M3lgZXy0BcZ73wCtvw17uzB7ioT1rfs-UcQqOcf71XcvpZLVibyQR8KaWpltB4uraK4/s555/Audemard%20VI%20Pl76.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="555" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDAkWqaMSSkchgFIsf8savxfh8Vlgi2kbzs3reCMv8vZxEINRJqMk6ESjAILU870_phlokFLzLTvLvvrePqiXPj07b4_PQycU8vp9jnfTKoNw0IkbP2YCKf3z-M3lgZXy0BcZ73wCtvw17uzB7ioT1rfs-UcQqOcf71XcvpZLVibyQR8KaWpltB4uraK4/s320/Audemard%20VI%20Pl76.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A duck hatchery boat. From Audemard, L., <i>Les Jonques Chinoises</i>, Vol. 6, Plate 76. See main text for further desription.</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Three more volumes of the series <i>Les Jonques Chinoises</i>, <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">by </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">L. Audemard </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">are now available in two free downloads:</span></span></p><p></p><p style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;"></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/16brg_1AC0mRqEGa2REFBqO95VEPgJFa6/view?usp=sharing">Vol. 6: Bas Yang Tse Kiang</a>, 1965. Tremendous variety of boats and ships on the lower Yang Tse. One of my favorites is the duck hatchery vessel illustrated above. Here's Google Translate's version of part of the description:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #252525; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span></p><blockquote><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">"These
boats must be ranked among the most original designs in the chosen industry.
They are found on most rivers and streams, along the sheltered coasts, mainly in
the province of Kouan-tung where duck breeding is practiced with prodigious
intensity for the sale of eggs which China exports in considerable quantity in
all parts of the world.</span></span></p>
<span style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: #38761d;">"These
are wide and spacious boats where the ducks occupy a privileged place under a
vast shelter covered with mats extending over the greater part of the deck,
while the owner and his family skirt aft, in a small hut. A slanted board at
the front serves as a walkway for the ducks to descend into the water."</span></span></blockquote><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span><p style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cLP8O-wioHKxrpaYOMC6Y8o8btN2z7Ss/view?usp=sharing"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Vols. 7 and 8: C</span><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="font-family: arial;">ô</span></span></a><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cLP8O-wioHKxrpaYOMC6Y8o8btN2z7Ss/view?usp=sharing">tes Nord et Sud de la Chine</a>, 1969. Two volumes published in a single tome. Volume 7 is junks of the north coast of China; Volume 8 is junks of the south coast. As might be expected, most of the vessels illustrated and described are ships, but there are a fair number of small craft too.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The volumes were </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">published </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">by the <a href="https://www.volkenkunde.nl/" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Museum Voor Land en Volkenkunde</a> and Miritiem Museum "Prins Hendrik", which have given us permission to post them here. Scans were made available to us by an enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Like the <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">other volumes in this series</a>, the books are in French.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3avFCd732IqVosA1GQXF-BbbF4ipj7PGtuFaNkwmsNZuZxBiewPet0lKLhb4RD82gYmf_ryxvyH1OxO8Y2_RVVerqPNMpFtelP0mR4iXCBIWfQRhTf4XU30c1a7AjdroAiokYus60j1uUOeOygK_O1XRPWAMb7uf_FLs-n10IM7XOonkzqXfcGlqWNlo/s696/Audemard%20VIII%20pl26.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="696" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3avFCd732IqVosA1GQXF-BbbF4ipj7PGtuFaNkwmsNZuZxBiewPet0lKLhb4RD82gYmf_ryxvyH1OxO8Y2_RVVerqPNMpFtelP0mR4iXCBIWfQRhTf4XU30c1a7AjdroAiokYus60j1uUOeOygK_O1XRPWAMb7uf_FLs-n10IM7XOonkzqXfcGlqWNlo/s320/Audemard%20VIII%20pl26.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hiking out on a small, two-masted coastal vessel. It's interesting to see that not all "junks" are junk-rigged. From Audemard, L., <i>Les Jonques Chinoises</i>, Vol. 8, Plate 26. </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-6762025621320300982023-07-16T00:47:00.010-07:002023-07-16T01:16:25.823-07:00Audemard's Chinese Junks: Free Downloads of Two New Volumes<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFmsLEQ7m9X7MY8ZsUGscZmrzrQYwAADuBBxy2XG2QknoIMcZOoAFuIio98afIavl0DmfPH7B4dim5ZcPOd2SXcVWKVz_Cjh35Y7afxqYlXyY2MaFszbhCFwjzgw2ekfnIpXkdtnDvYi-pCm_tcU52ma1q4esibADi1bztZNZliQP0VtsS-RiIlxmvA1I/s834/Audemard%20Vol.5,%20Plate%2030.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Crooked-stern junk rowing past hills on the Yangste River" border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="834" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFmsLEQ7m9X7MY8ZsUGscZmrzrQYwAADuBBxy2XG2QknoIMcZOoAFuIio98afIavl0DmfPH7B4dim5ZcPOd2SXcVWKVz_Cjh35Y7afxqYlXyY2MaFszbhCFwjzgw2ekfnIpXkdtnDvYi-pCm_tcU52ma1q4esibADi1bztZNZliQP0VtsS-RiIlxmvA1I/w400-h280/Audemard%20Vol.5,%20Plate%2030.PNG" title="Crooked-stern junk" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Crooked stern junk on the Yangtse River. Plate 30 from <i style="text-align: left;">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 5, Haut Yang Tse Kiang, by L. Audemard, 1963</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br />Now available for free download are two more volumes of the series <i>Les Jonques Chinoises</i>, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">by </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">L. Audemard</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">:</span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VuyT48PZxE_7F9l8rlIkD0PH3L4QwqPC/view?usp=sharing">Vol. 4: Description des Jonques</a>, 1962. This volume is a statistical survey of junks in China -- where they were, in what numbers, of what capacity, etc. The only graphics are maps.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ghfGNOkMlOufLeI6pAIBBe-b0R1Fmy_B/view?usp=sharing">Vol. 5: Haut Yang Tse Kiang</a>, 1963. This volume describes not only the boats themselves on the upper Yangtse River, but also pays considerable attention to their usage, including propulsion (especially man-hauling), sleeping arrangements, provisioning, etc. Many surprising vessel types illustrated, including stitched/sewn craft, dugout canoes, rafts, and the intriguing crooked-stern junk shown above. So many wonderful illustrations that it was difficult to choose only two for this post.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">The volumes were </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">published </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">by the <a href="https://www.volkenkunde.nl/" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Museum Voor Land en Volkenkunde</a> and Miritiem Museum "Prins Hendrik", which have given us permission to post them here. Scans were made available to us by an enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Like the <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html" target="_blank">other volumes in this series</a>, the books are in French.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">Enjoy!</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrj-j6TLo2-a9Gu5tW66HjPmeMMe9larxIh60KznIlMcnCB-EH-saZxS29bvz7urpI3CzEdz_jz_XfqROOkeuBFdG5lkpqku5ckrHeLQBEQjOAf1jQA0dnLa-uHlhw8GDGqs0Gj8kff_VcJIiHsTeeLh6RrYOXQ8IEwita01NdkyI63iiAQW1Wa_Jo4wA/s881/Audemard%20Vol.5,%20Plate%205.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Man sitting cross-legged on deck of a junk, surrounding by meal preparation materials." border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="881" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrj-j6TLo2-a9Gu5tW66HjPmeMMe9larxIh60KznIlMcnCB-EH-saZxS29bvz7urpI3CzEdz_jz_XfqROOkeuBFdG5lkpqku5ckrHeLQBEQjOAf1jQA0dnLa-uHlhw8GDGqs0Gj8kff_VcJIiHsTeeLh6RrYOXQ8IEwita01NdkyI63iiAQW1Wa_Jo4wA/w400-h265/Audemard%20Vol.5,%20Plate%205.PNG" title="Preparing a meal on a Yangtse Junk" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: times; font-size: large;">Preparing a meal on a junk. Plate 5 from </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: times; font-size: large; text-align: left;">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 5, Haut Yang Tse Kiang, by L. Audemard, 1963<br /><br /></i></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-32148810041444953462023-07-02T02:02:00.001-07:002023-07-02T02:02:54.352-07:00Decoration of Chinese Junks - Free Download<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGyE96Y2h47m1qKoBFHYWUY3BV-09OmYzuTIgP0qrMeilVv8SMqZ35a1AboX2GbSqinO8kXpzaiP7ev-hwlQWnn3XuGOFBAj9QasxPOnHecpRquX84dR0X05jEz5zmFRvJruNgmk3W8hGbO1IibUIE-Gpw1ueGHBLRCDpKy_4xJEspcLjiteIeCV3-fY/s886/Audemard%20III%20pl.60.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="886" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGyE96Y2h47m1qKoBFHYWUY3BV-09OmYzuTIgP0qrMeilVv8SMqZ35a1AboX2GbSqinO8kXpzaiP7ev-hwlQWnn3XuGOFBAj9QasxPOnHecpRquX84dR0X05jEz5zmFRvJruNgmk3W8hGbO1IibUIE-Gpw1ueGHBLRCDpKy_4xJEspcLjiteIeCV3-fY/w400-h301/Audemard%20III%20pl.60.PNG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Decorative motifs on Chinese junks. From <i>Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 3: Ornementation et Types</i> by L. Audemard. Plate 60.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: arial;">Now available for free download is <span style="background-color: white;"><i><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z9kTHNAzNw3FK9rxMyLsqRx_9-ihH_lr/view?usp=drive_link" target="_blank">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 3: Ornementation et Types</a></i>, by </span><span style="background-color: white;">L. Audemard, </span><span style="background-color: white;">published in 1960</span><span style="background-color: white;"> by the <a href="https://www.volkenkunde.nl/" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Museum Voor Land en Volkenkunde</a> and Miritiem Museum "Prins Hendrik", which have given us permission to post it here. Scans were made available to us by an enthusiast who wishes to remain anonymous. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white;">Like</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w7ylD-SzozA3-8NiAgkO8XLtZs6j23bJ/view?usp=sharing" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque</a>, which we posted last week, the work is in French but is worthwhile to anyone interested in traditional Chinese watercraft on account of its wonderful illustrations. And of course Google Translate is available to help non-Francophones understand the text. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">We plan to steadily add more resources to our page of <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html">free downloads of books about boats of China and Southeast Asia</a>.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn37Uszi93xIXw_MsPZx-Rs0Vp5MUeHIkiFX3GISlAjoz0LO6qiCMhsyJ3-4T-oqFDmK0OWzNPKWJqaULb9xusICqWBF_lcHZJSSVyZiRp7Ri-AiI50tSd5w8FIsOe_u5HrWUBnLYLA3j0V3zRzw06YdBD8ZYzarSKFVnGxqBkZhVRDM-7z9b6YUYGTi4/s884/Ademard%20III%20pl.88.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="884" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn37Uszi93xIXw_MsPZx-Rs0Vp5MUeHIkiFX3GISlAjoz0LO6qiCMhsyJ3-4T-oqFDmK0OWzNPKWJqaULb9xusICqWBF_lcHZJSSVyZiRp7Ri-AiI50tSd5w8FIsOe_u5HrWUBnLYLA3j0V3zRzw06YdBD8ZYzarSKFVnGxqBkZhVRDM-7z9b6YUYGTi4/w400-h280/Ademard%20III%20pl.88.PNG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Launching ceremony for a small boat, with small ribbons inscribed with propitious text on the transom, and incense burning fore and aft. From <i>Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 3: Ornementation et Types</i> by L. Audemard. Plate 88.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-88666673325033436522023-06-25T02:21:00.003-07:002023-06-25T02:34:37.459-07:00Construction of Chinese Junks - New Resource Available<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6kTkhzPS3shY5Xz4V36FzI1sLIkHeQwZra7y7ZAEv8UPCttsbK7GcRhjzrk0y5Fgo4rMqPi1juT7EhwmKAPZRjNb14o2K6PilX7Q64mwTdGq4SM_oVwP0w9M9fbbZ8tGqUyNwfo8Q9OxuZrzcE2KxX_FbRqbQaxy0rpJxlCTdbf04YUdGHbYBAAmk7k/s1301/Audemard%20v2%20plate32.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pen and ink drawing of junk under construction with 6 men using hand tools" border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1301" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU6kTkhzPS3shY5Xz4V36FzI1sLIkHeQwZra7y7ZAEv8UPCttsbK7GcRhjzrk0y5Fgo4rMqPi1juT7EhwmKAPZRjNb14o2K6PilX7Q64mwTdGq4SM_oVwP0w9M9fbbZ8tGqUyNwfo8Q9OxuZrzcE2KxX_FbRqbQaxy0rpJxlCTdbf04YUdGHbYBAAmk7k/w400-h263/Audemard%20v2%20plate32.PNG" title="Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque, by frigate captain L. Audemard," width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">"Construction d'une jonque, Haute Yang tse", from <i>Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque</i> by <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">L. Audemard</span> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: arial;">Thanks to a contributor who wishes to remain anonymous, I am happy to present the first in a new batch of books about Chinese and Southeast Asian boats available for free download. The first title is </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w7ylD-SzozA3-8NiAgkO8XLtZs6j23bJ/view?usp=sharing" style="color: #881100;" target="_blank">Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque</a>, by frigate captain </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;">L. Audemard,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"> published in 1959</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"> by the <a href="https://www.volkenkunde.nl/" target="_blank">Museum Voor Land en Volkenkunde</a> and Miritiem Museum "Prins Hendrik", which have given us permission to post it here.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">Audemard's work (i.e., "Chinese Junks: Junk Construction") joins </span><a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/junk-blue-book.html" style="background-color: white; color: #2d8930; font-size: 15.52px;" target="_blank">The Junk Blue Book: A Handbook of Junks of South Vietnam</a>, which has been available here for years, on a new <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/p/boats-of-china-and-southeast-asia.html">page of downloads</a>. <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">We will periodically add more titles to the new page, all made available by the same anonymous contributor.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15.52px;">I encourage anyone interested in the vernacular boats of Asia to take a look at <i>Les Jonques Chinoises Vol. II</i>. Even if you don't read French, the illustrations should make it well worth the visit.</span></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: arial; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkhwyO3RVLchs7bv3Q08d_FLXTyeRkLo5KQzcD832DNpMRTY0KEM86_QPLxsfJTbEMGNgNuGJgjuvUi9zzUXWlb9u43MAkHFfhoXTMi6l5iEbTC8ExuuFA_CLmRlOpACsHJDZBlk6EPjvDzMP6dvmvVQ5KnXbiRYoHJB0c1gV7eTGTrJER9ac5_1DV7E0/s1058/Audemard%20v2%20plate36.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Illustration comparing 9 types of rudders on junks" border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="1058" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkhwyO3RVLchs7bv3Q08d_FLXTyeRkLo5KQzcD832DNpMRTY0KEM86_QPLxsfJTbEMGNgNuGJgjuvUi9zzUXWlb9u43MAkHFfhoXTMi6l5iEbTC8ExuuFA_CLmRlOpACsHJDZBlk6EPjvDzMP6dvmvVQ5KnXbiRYoHJB0c1gV7eTGTrJER9ac5_1DV7E0/w400-h275/Audemard%20v2%20plate36.PNG" title="Rudders, Plate 36, Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque by L. Audemard" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: arial; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: arial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi470oggyaFboJbASdGvDECv2AyjCTyGXNkvyaOsSC6pMfpU4OGzihnzimOkuk3T40c1L4Prc5cuBPOVhUhOqq5FdN-kRrxS0ieLaCCCKdESaOBirv2Wsyu2H7RlaGA_NQ0zoSofQP8a2H2Np7EVdukgpK67YgHAuou9ysLusSVQ4qZSdUKNmw54raSIdI/s1030/Audemard%20v2%20plate38.PNG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lifting and steering mechanisms on two types of junk rudders" border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="1030" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi470oggyaFboJbASdGvDECv2AyjCTyGXNkvyaOsSC6pMfpU4OGzihnzimOkuk3T40c1L4Prc5cuBPOVhUhOqq5FdN-kRrxS0ieLaCCCKdESaOBirv2Wsyu2H7RlaGA_NQ0zoSofQP8a2H2Np7EVdukgpK67YgHAuou9ysLusSVQ4qZSdUKNmw54raSIdI/w400-h254/Audemard%20v2%20plate38.PNG" title="Rudders, Plate 38, Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque by L. Audemard" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Two images from <i>Les Jonques Chinoises, Vol. 2: Construction de la Jonque</i> by <span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">L. Audemard</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 15.52px;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-67753502232518548592021-07-20T12:59:00.009-07:002021-07-21T05:43:08.284-07:00Book Review: The Politics of the Canoe, Bruce Erickson and Sarah Wylie Krotz (editors)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vdY9Q_Z5-os/YPcqJbo2e7I/AAAAAAABDvI/tH7g-VPCvKQ4kMX4MBJ_iJgzMjZDPuA8gCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Erickson%2BKrotz%2BPolitics%2BCanoe_20210720_0001.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Book jacket of The Politics of the Canoe by Erickson and Krotz" border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1305" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vdY9Q_Z5-os/YPcqJbo2e7I/AAAAAAABDvI/tH7g-VPCvKQ4kMX4MBJ_iJgzMjZDPuA8gCLcBGAsYHQ/w255-h400/Erickson%2BKrotz%2BPolitics%2BCanoe_20210720_0001.png" title="Book jacket of The Politics of the Canoe by Erickson and Krotz" width="255" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="font-family: arial;">The Politics of the Canoe</i><span style="font-family: arial;">, edited by Bruce Erickson
and Sarah Wylie Krotz, is a book of a different sort than that from which I
normally obtain content for this blog or choose to review. A collection of
essays, mostly academic in nature, it does not address the nuts and bolts of boat
design, construction, or usage. As its title indicates, its central theme is
the political implications of canoes. The book has no subtitle, but one would
have been useful to clarify that its focus is upon the canoe in Canada,
although a couple of the essays deal with some of the northern United States. The
editors’ Preface describes it as “a multifaceted examination of a vessel that,
while structurally simple, is remarkably complex in its meanings” (p.x).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Meanings, of course, are not inherent in objects, but instead
are created, imposed by people, and any meanings that canoes have are therefore
subjective. To the extent that “everything is political”, then canoes certainly
have the potential to be viewed from a political point of view, just as a
hammer can be “merely” a hammer, or it can symbolize the proletariat. Many of
the essays’ authors read Colonialist meanings in the traditional Canadian
discourse regarding canoes and argue for a new canoe discourse with First
Nations at its center. Many of them are themselves First Nations people of Canada,
and many are in academia, so the pro-indigenous, anti-colonial outlook that
informs several of the essays is not unexpected. That said, the theme of “the political
canoe” is addressed through varied, even eccentric, approaches, making for mostly
diverse and engaging reading.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book’s Introduction, written by its editors, uses the presentation
of canoes in museums as a framework for addressing the politics inherent in the
Canadian perception of canoes. Canoes in museum collections, they say, are
problematic: “Given that canoes aren’t just cultural objects but are
fundamental to many communities’ relations—as family members, as embodied
heritage and sovereignty, as living parts of the land—the implications of
placing them on display differ depending on the traditions from which the
canoes came. In other words, context matters” (p.3).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Drawing on the work of other scholars, Erickson and Krotz outline
the historic process by which the indigenous Canadian canoe was adopted by European
settlers, notably by the voyageurs for the fur trade, after which it morphed
into a recreational craft for a mainly middle class, white audience. As this
transition occurred in a Canada increasingly settled and “civilized” by
Europeans, the canoe’s indigenous origin was submerged by a mythology valorizing
the voyageurs, who were depicted as having used the fur-trade canoe to bring
order and civilization to a wild, unsettled land. Indigenous presence and
history were erased from the narrative, and the indigenous invention and use of
the canoe were part of the process. The greatest significance of the erasure of
the indigenous canoe does not lie in the settlers’ tacit claim to the
technology; more importantly, because the canoe was central to the cultures of
many of Canada’s First Nations and formed both practical and cognitive bases of
the people’s connection to the land which they inhabited, erasing the
indigeneity of the canoe also erased culture and past occupation of the
landscape – which, in turn, erased claims of land sovereignty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">This interpretation informs many of the essays, most of
which address the position of the canoe at the intersection of indigenous and
settler culture. But other factors are also at play, and other perspectives
addressed. As the editors note, "Colonialism certainly looms large over
the history of the canoe, but canoes are also intertwined in histories of
masculinity, wilderness, consumption, and industrialization, among others”
(p.6). And further, “the canoes in this book are agents not just of romantic
affiliation with wilderness but of protest, power, governance, social and
environmental knowledge, history, cultural resurgence, and sovereignty. Their
politics range from collective actions to intensely personal, individual ones”
(p.13).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book is organized in three parts, and each of its ten
chapters is preceded by a map which provides the geographic setting of its
subject. Some of the essays are accompanied by photographs. The entire
production is in black and white. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Each of the three essays/chapters in Part 1, which is titled
“Asserting Indigenous Sovereignty”, concern different First Nations’
initiatives of cultural revitalization through canoe voyaging. Chapter 1, “Tribal
Canoe Journeys and Indigenous Cultural Resurgence: A Story from the Heiltsuk
Nation”, by Frank Brown, Hillary Beattie, Vina Brown, and Ian Mauro, begins
with a brief history of the Heilstuk people (often called the Bella Bella)
under colonialism. It then focuses on the history of the cultural gathering and
voyaging program called Tribal Canoe Journeys (TCJ), which has been going on regularly
since 1993. The authors emphasize the value of the program in reconnecting
people of many of the Pacific Northwest’s First Nations, especially young
people, to tribal traditions and ways of thought, and establishing solidarity
between First Nations. They show how the voyaging itself, along with the
shoreside activities associated with it, heal personal traumas, enhance participants’
self worth, and provide a venue for learning traditional language, song, dance,
and history. Also strengthened during the meetings are intergenerational
relationships; understanding and appreciation of the natural environment and
resources; and strategies associated with environmental protection and land
sovereignty.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 2, “This Is What Makes Us Strong: Canoe
Revitalization, Reciprocal Heritage, and the Chinook Indian Nation”, by Rachel
L. Cushman, Jon D. Daehnke, and Tony A. Johnson, covers much the same ground
about Tribal Canoe Journeys and its predecessor, Paddle to Seattle, but focuses
on the experience of the Chinook Nation. It uses lengthy first-person passages
by co-author Cushman, who has participated in several of the voyages, to
personalize the experience, and it makes the important point that “rather than
being backward-looking and nostalgic, this form of reciprocal heritage is
instead tribally relevant, based in current and ongoing relationships and
responsibilities, and thus active, forward-looking, and resilient” (pp.51-52). Discussing
“protocols” – traditional rules of behaviour that are taught at and which govern
shoreside sessions on the voyages – the authors state, “…the performance of
protocol is not just an aspect of culture, it is fundamentally an act of
decolonization” (p.57). They make a distinction that I personally found
enlightening and important:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoQuote" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>“There can be a tendency
to present these types of claims to heritage as something artificial, as
invented political creations primarily constructed to convince others of the
rightfulness of the claims. For the Chinook Indian Nation, however, the
performance of protocols is not an act created or designed to convince others
of the rightfulness of their heritage claims or their Indigeneity. Instead, it
is simply behaviour done to ensure that the requirements of the reciprocal
relationships between actors, both human and non-human, are fulfilled” </i>(p.65)<i>.</i></span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">They contrast this with voyageur re-enactments, which they
describe as a display of nostalgia, a “yearning for the period of colonialism
itself” (p.66).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">“Whaèhdǫ ǫ̀ Etǫ K’e”, the title of Chapter 3, means
“Trails of our Ancestors” and is the name of another voyaging-and-revitalization
program, this one by the “Tłı̨chǫ Nation”. I find the use of such special typographic
characters by authors John B. Zoe and Jessica Dunkin unhelpful, and partially
blame the book’s editors for its presence. I had to refer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%C4%B1%CC%A8ch%C7%AB">Wikipedia </a>to
learn that “Tłı̨chǫ” … people, sometimes spelled Tlicho and also
known as the Dogrib, are a <span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Dene</span> <span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">First Nations</span> people
of the <span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Athabaskan-speaking</span> <span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ethnolinguistic group</span> living in
the <span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Northwest Territories</span>, Canada.” The
purpose of Trails of our Ancestors is to reconnect Tlicho youth with the
landscape around them, and to the stories, traditions and culture embedded within
it. This, the authors explain, is “both a physical and symbolic act of
resistance to colonial efforts to remove Tłı̨chǫ from the land” (p.85). I was
struck by the statement that “Women and men worked together to build canoes”
(p.77) in traditional Tlicho culture and wished for more detail, as direct
female participation in boatbuilding is rare in traditional cultures.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Thus, the first three chapters all deal with different
manifestations of the same phenomenon and, while each has a unique and valuable
perspective, it is also somewhat repetitive. The reader will find greater
variety of subject matter in the remaining parts of the book.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">The theme of Part 2, Building Canoes, Knowledge, and
Relationships, seems an amorphous one that doesn’t really provide a coherent theme
for its three chapters – for which we might be thankful, given the excessive
thematic consistency of Part 1. Chapter 4, “Model Canoes, Territorial
Histories, and Linguistic Resurgence: Decolonizing the Tappan Adney Archives”,
by Chris Ling Chapman, discusses the ethnographic work conducted in New
Brunswick, Canada, by the author of the excellent and influential <i>The Bark
Canoes and Skin Boats of North America</i>. Adney, the authors explain, was conducting
what is known as “salvage anthropology” – the desperate collection of data in
the face of imminent cultural disappearance, as was widely believed (among
settlers) at that time to apply to the First Nations of Canada. In addition to the
renowned model canoes he built from first-hand observation of full-size canoes,
it is Adney’s unpublished notebooks that represent what were considered to be “salvage
archives”. As it turned out, most of Canada’s First Nations survived, and
Adney’s archives, far from being a record of dead cultures, are now providing
valuable resources for the revitalization of those cultures. Among the most
important of their content is Adney’s recording of native languages, which is aiding
current efforts to revive those languages after decades of white efforts to exterminate
them along with other aspects of indigenous culture. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">In spite of Chuck Commanda’s prodigious skill as a builder
of bark canoes and his substantial contribution to the revival of the craft, Chapter
5, “Ginawaydaganuc: The Birchbark Canoe in Algonquin Community Resurgence and
Reconciliation”, by Commanda, Larry McDermott, and Sarah Nelson, is the weakest
essay in the collection. Unfortunately, the chapter reads like a manifesto, a
lengthy series of didactic assertions of the power and importance of bark canoe
building as a tool for revitalizing and preserving cultural heritage. Any of its
numerous assertions might well be valid, but none of them are adequately
supported by evidence or logical argument. One example taken truly at random
will illustrate this: “Teaching a young Indigenous person how to become a canoe
builder can give them a path in life and a reason to have both hope for the
future and pride in their people” (p.113). As a goal, this is admirable, but
there is no indication here that it is <i>true</i>: the authors provide no data,
examples, or even anecdotes, to support it, and this is the case with dozens of
similar assertions throughout the chapter. Two lengthy appendices, consisting
of the texts of two sections of the 2010 UN Convention on Biological Diversity,
are peripheral to the chapter’s main argument and could have been satisfactorily
replaced with URLs for online locations of the texts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 6, “Pathways to the Forest: Meditations on the
Colonial Landscape”, by Jonathan Goldner, is a first-person account of learning
how and where to harvest birchbark for canoe construction. Goldner uses his
description of that education, and of the harvesting process itself, to
evocatively discuss the history and impact of colonialism on the Algonquin
landscape of Quebec and Ontario. Harvesting bark serves as a microcosm for that
impact and a metaphor of native rights to the land. It’s a thoughtful, personal,
almost poetic piece by “a relative newcomer, a settler, a non-Indigenous,
academically inclined male urbanite” (p.136) attempting to understand the
indigenous point of view.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Part 3, “Telling Histories”, begins with Chapter 7, “Beyond
Birchbark: How Lahontan’s images of Unfamiliar Canoes Confirm His Remarkable
Western Expedition of 1688”, by Peter H. Wood. Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce de
Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan, explored areas west and south of the Great Lakes in
1688-89. His book about his travels, which includes descriptions of the
geography and the indigenous people he encountered, was published in 1703 and
went into several translations and editions but, because of his anti-Jesuit
opinions, Pope Clement XI banned it. Between that official censure and some
inaccuracies in his geography that became clear after later explorations, his account
has been largely discounted as fiction, and aspersions cast upon the
trustworthiness of both the man and his travel account. Author Wood believes the book
is a largely accurate description of the Midwest’s geography as Lahontan saw
it, with a few errors such as are likely to appear in any such work of this
time and era. He identifies the river Lahontan travelled along and called the <i>River
Longue</i> as the middle and upper Missouri River. He bases this conclusion
mainly on two canoe illustrations on a map in the book, the accuracy of which,
he argues, must have been due to Lahontan’s actual travel through the region.
This argument is weak. The illustrations are rough and schematic, and Woods’ identification
of them with specific indigenous boat designs questionable. The one identified
as a dugout canoe of the continent’s interior could just as well depict a bark
canoe, for all its lack of detail. Regarding the other, Lahontan explained that
it represents a canoe from the Pacific Northwest, which he never claimed to
have come even close to, and the information for it was obtained from an
indigenous slave from that region whom he spoke with while in the Dakotas. In
fact, the illustration is not nearly so convincing a depiction of a Kwakiutl
logboat as Wood claims it is, and Lahontan’s stated source provides no
assurance whatsoever that he travelled the Missouri or visited the Dakotas. I
have not read Lahontan’s book and I have no opinion on its veracity, but Wood’s
evidence for its truthfulness is weak. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Another weakness concerning the essay is its “political”
aspect. The pope’s banning of Lahontan’s book <i>was</i> a political act which
influenced popular perception of its accuracy, but that has nothing to do with
canoes. Wood employs iconographic evidence of canoes in order to establish
Lahontan’s credibility and overcome the ramifications of that political act of
censorship, but that seems a tenuous connection to the book’s theme.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 8, “Monumental Trip: Don Starkell’s Canoe Voyage
from Winnipeg to the Mouth of the Amazon”, by Albert Braz, is perhaps the most
accessible and engaging of the essays, mainly because it recounts (in condensed
form) the narrative of Starkell’s 1987 book, <i>Paddle to the Amazon</i>. Braz feels
that the book, its author, and his achievement (paddling a canoe 12,000 miles
from Winnipeg to Belem, Brazil) have not attained the recognition and respect in
Canada that are their due. This, he argues, is due to Starkell's lower-class (white,
Canadian) origin, pugnacious attitude, and straightforward prose, which do not
mesh well with the largely middle-class identification of modern Canadian recreational
canoeing, nor with the more literary style of most popular expedition narratives.
Starkell obtained scant attention, much less support, from the Canadian
government while traveling through Latin America, and a secondary political
aspect of the essay treats with Canada's negligible visibility and influence in
Latin America.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">In Chapter 9, “The Dam That Wasn’t: How the Canoe Became
Political on the Petawawa River”, Cameron Baldassarra describes how multiple
constituencies, including recreational canoeists, kayakers, and rafters, environmentalists,
historical preservationists, hunters and fishers, a town, and First Nations
people, formed an alliance to oppose a planned hydropower dam near Algonquin
Provincial Park in Ontario. The canoe became a central symbol and rallying
point for that opposition due to its multiple meanings and uses: as a symbol of
wilderness; as a vehicle to enter and utilize the landscape and its resources
in a sustainable manner; as recreation; as a sustainable economic activity; as
indigenous heritage. It is ironic that what stopped the dam was not grassroots
politics, but the Canadian military, whose nearby base would have been
partially flooded by the dam. But this, the author asserts, does not negate the
wide appeal, symbolic power, and organizing potential of the canoe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the final essay, “Unpacking and Repacking the Canoe:
Canoe as Research Vessel” (Chapter 10), anthropologist Danielle Gendron uses a
canoe trip along the 386-km length of the Trent-Severn Waterway (TSW), a
partly-artificial inland route between Lakes Huron and Ontario, as a personal
approach to explore "my engagement with and study of Indigenous
landscapes" (p.215). The author colorfully details a bit of the lives of
her Metis (mixed European and First Nations) fourth-level great-grandfather,
who worked for the Hudson Bay Company, and his Metis wife, and says they surely
would have travelled through this landscape prior to creation of the TSW.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gendron describes how European settlers altered this former Anishinaabe
landscape, first for agriculture, then for commercial shipping, and finally for
recreation, and in the process erased indigenous people from the landscape. As
a nationally designated historical location, the TSW ignores the indigenous
past and creates a “colonialscape”, a term Gendron borrows from Kwakwaka’wakw
scholar Sarah Hunt. This returns to the theme addressed by others in the book,
of how the canoe, the landscape, and the past have all been appropriated in a
manner that positions whiteness as the official Canadian identity. “How can we
disrupt these colonialscapes that are perpetuated through the practice of
canoeing?” Gendron asks. “How can we understand canoe trips as negotiating
colonized Indigenous territories rather than a natural wonderland?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">As partial answers, she recommends sources from which
readers can learn about native occupation, embeddedness, and history in the
landscape, and urges the importance of learning the native names for places one
travels through. She does not make the unrealistic recommendation that everyone
become an expert in native history, but instead suggests that the canoe can be
used as a vehicle to “engage in understanding colonial processes and the
colonialscape of Canada” (p.227) – a suggestion that aptly summarizes the
central theme of this worthwhile and thought-provoking collection of essays. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><i>The Politics of the Canoe<br /></i>Bruce Erickson and Sarah Wylie Krotz, editors<br />2021<br /></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: times; font-size: large;">University of Manitoba Press<br /></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: times; font-size: large;">ISBN 978-0-88735-909-9 (paperbound: also in e-book, hardcover)</span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-67993242698086780832020-09-12T09:51:00.002-07:002020-09-13T01:29:11.457-07:00Book Review: The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of Northern Eurasia, by Harri Luukkanen and William W. Fitzhugh<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MAK8D_EkmtY/X1z7W5R6yKI/AAAAAAABBpk/nTwIOzYiovwq1uOPuUz71bOPSaGIgWX_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1003/Bark%2BCanoes%2BEurasia_20200912_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1003" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MAK8D_EkmtY/X1z7W5R6yKI/AAAAAAABBpk/nTwIOzYiovwq1uOPuUz71bOPSaGIgWX_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Bark%2BCanoes%2BEurasia_20200912_0002.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;">There are
strong but superficial similarities between </span><i style="font-family: arial;">The Bark Canoes and Skin
Boats of Northern Eurasia</i><span style="font-family: arial;">, a new book by Harri Luukkanen and William W.
Fitzhugh, and the 1964 classic </span><i style="font-family: arial;">The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North
America </i><span style="font-family: arial;">by</span><i style="font-family: arial;"> </i><span style="font-family: arial;">Edwin Tappan Adney and Howard I. Chapelle. Obviously, there
is the title, clearly meant as a respectful acknowledgement of the older work. The
two books have the same publisher (Smithsonian), and the same format, both
being oversize, printed in black and white, with the text laid out in two
columns per page. Luukkanen and Fitzhugh even call their work a “sequel” to
Adney & Chapelle. In spite of all this, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Northern Eurasia</i><span style="font-family: arial;"> really is a
different sort of book from </span><i style="font-family: arial;">North America</i><span style="font-family: arial;">. This makes it no less
excellent than the older work that it honors, but to appreciate this, the
reader must overcome any preconceptions that the similarities might instill. Taken
on its own terms, is excellent scholarship and a valuable contribution to the
field of small craft studies.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The book’s Introduction
contains an explicit homage to “Adney & Chapelle” and a description of that
book’s origins. It then goes on to describe the rationale for the present study,
which basically boils down to two facts: in spite of the vast region’s long and
pervasive use of these types of watercraft, the subject has never been systematically
studied; and most studies of particular boats or types in the region are not
available in English – or, indeed, in any Western European language. The
Introduction then defines the geographic area of the study and the types of
boats under consideration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 1 describes
the geography of northern Eurasia, including overviews of its climate zones, and
river systems, cultures and their histories, and a brief contextualization of
the region’s archaeology and the relationship between boat studies in northern
Eurasia and North America.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 2,
titled “Boat Classification, Construction, and Regional Distribution”, is
essentially a summary and synthesis of Chapters 3-9, each of which focuses on a
different geographic sub-region of northern Eurasia. The authors present a
typology of the region’s various bark canoes and skin boats, based on major construction
methods and morphology, and divided along lines of geography and culture
groups. The authors conclude that bark canoe types tend to be fairly consistent
within major river basins, even if more than one culture is resident, and that this
intra-basin consistency is greater than that found among single cultures whose
territories run across two or more river basins. The authors also draw
attention to the large varieties of open and decked skin boats, both of which
were found to be widely distributed across the region among a great many of its
cultures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">One might
question the placement of this chapter before, rather than after, the
presentation of data in chapters 3-9. For scholars who are knowledgable about Eurasian
cultures, this will make good sense, as a summary and synthesis may be primarily
what is needed, and the reader can use it as a guide to targeted reading of the
following chapters. For many readers, though, it may prove confusing or
frustrating, as much of the geography and many of the cultures discussed will
be unfamiliar to most Westerners. For readers (myself included) who don’t know
the Vepsians, the Evenks, the Yugra, the Kereks, and many other cultures mentioned,
the chapter is somewhat bewildering, in spite of brief overviews in the
Introduction. Such readers might be advised to read this chapter later.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The real
meat of the book appears in chapters 3-9, concerning Northern Europe (Ch. 3; Germany,
southern Baltics, Fennoscandia); Northeastern Europe (Ch. 4; eastern Baltics, western
Urals); Western Siberia (Ch. 5); Central Siberia (Ch. 6); Eastern Siberia (Ch. 7);
Pacific Siberia (Ch. 8; Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands); and the
Far East (Ch. 9; Manchuria, Sakhalin Island, China, and northern Japan).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">As the
authors note, it is ironic that northern Europe – the area probably most
familiar to most readers, and the one for which there is the best historic
literature – has the poorest archaeological record for bark canoes and skin
boats. The reader is introduced to the authors’ method, in which data are
presented in detail and analyzed at length. There are lengthy descriptions of
the ethnohistorical data and the archaeological evidence. For example,
prehistoric Scandinavian rock art depictions of boats have been addressed by
several authors, and no agreement has yet been reached within the archaeology
community as to whether these petroglyphs represent logboats, skin boats, bark
canoes, or even watercraft at all. Luukkanen and Fitzhugh review the arguments in
detail and at length and bring new data and interpretations to the debate, but
are cautious of reaching firm conclusions. This may be disappointing for those
looking for straightforward answers, but it is intellectually honest to an
extent not always seen in maritime archaeology – much less in books written for
non-specialist, “enthusiast” audiences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Most
chapters follow a regular organization: the geographic sub-region is introduced
and the deep history of its cultures described. This is highly useful to those readers
who are unfamiliar with the numerous cultures. The general archaeology for the region’s
cultural history is presented, followed by separate sections on each of individual
cultures to be discussed. Within each section, the archaeological evidence for
boat usage – much of which is often indirect – is presented first, followed by historical
and ethnohistorical data. As archaeological evidence is generally scanty, it is
not until the latter stages that we typically get images of boats, details of
construction, and descriptions of usage. The ethnohistorical data varies a
great deal in quality, from mere mentions by early explorers or merchants of
the existence of certain boat types among the various nations, to the careful (but
unfortunately rare) descriptions of boat structure and construction by trained
observers. Likewise, the accompanying figures vary from the highly romanticized
and technically inaccurate renderings one sees in travelogues and maps from the
16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centures, to careful, precise boat surveys
that show the boats’ lines and construction details, and photographs of
full-size boats in use in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century and models in
museum collections.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The final
chapter, called an Epilogue, by Arctic boat scholar Evguenia (Jenya)
Anichtchenko, addresses the relationship between the Eurasian and North
American boat traditions. This presents the data and theories for diffusion
between the two regions, and notes the surprisingly thin evidence for much direct
influence across the narrow Bering Strait.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Overall, <i>The
Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of Northern Eurasia</i> provides a comprehensive,
fine-grained look at its subject as ethnology, concentrating on the evidence from
archaeology and ethnohistory. Those expecting a Eurasian equivalent to <i>The
Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America</i> may be disappointed. The older book’s
strengths are in its descriptions of construction methods and structural
details, and especially, in the quality of the boat plans. These were possible
because Adney and Chapelle were writing about boat traditions which, although
on their last legs, were still extant. Construction by individuals brought up
in the indigenous traditions could still be observed and documented, and the
boats themselves could still be surveyed in detail. The result was a book that
has often served as a construction manual – complete with designs – for countless
individuals to build their own replicas. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This was
not possible for the boats of Eurasia. Most of the boats discussed disappeared
generations or centuries ago – before there was a chance for much ethnographic recording.
This means that construction methods are generally described in far less detail
– if at all – and boat plans are few. Unfortunately for the enthusiast, those
that are present are generally reproduced too small to be of practical use, and
this criticism can be applied to the art program of the book in general. With
few exceptions, figures are reproduced to the width of one column on the
two-column pages, making legibility poor for drawings and photographs alike. Drawings
produced especially for the book, mostly for the purpose of typological
description or clarification, are sketchy and not of professional quality,
making it difficult to understand differences in boat types. Maps, on the other
hand, are excellent and are reproduced at full page width, for good legibility.
All illustrations are in black and white only, which is not a liablity, since
only a very few recent photos of boat models in museum collections would have
been created in color.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The amount
of detail and the length of some discussions can be heavy going, but they
provide excellent perspectives on what is known, what can be surmised, and what
is debatable. By highlighting open questions, the authors have set out
challenges, or even roadmaps, to other researchers who, I expect, will respond
with future research papers and possibly some PhD theses.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Bark
Canoes and Skin Boats of Northern Eurasia</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> is a major contribution to ethnological boat studies.
Particularly for those familiar mainly with the boats of North America and western
Europe, it is a broad and comprehensive introduction to the archaeology and
history of small craft of a region rarely discussed in the English-language
literature. It will take its place as an essential reference, next to <i>The
Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America</i>, not as a sequel, but in its
own right.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: times;">--</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: times;">The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of Northern Eurasia<br />by Harri Luukkanen and William W. Fitzhugh<br />Smithsonian Books, Washington DC<br />$64.00; 276 pages<br />ISBN 978-1-58834-475-5</span></p><br /><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-10135493035869242412020-07-12T07:19:00.001-07:002020-07-12T14:17:30.425-07:00“Woodskin” Canoes of Guyana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Logboats are probably
the best-known Amerindian watercraft in Guyana, but another boat type in common
use – at least into the first half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century – is the bark
canoe. Although terminology differs among various writers, the term “woodskin”
is commonly applied to all Guyanese bark canoes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W9tZowsgWEk/XwsWPhJ_1OI/AAAAAAABBS8/cFA_q9VJwqgRCbNFAb3D95n0G3PdGYU0wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Roth%2B1924%2Bplate177.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bark canoe on the Mazaruni River, Guyana" border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="523" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W9tZowsgWEk/XwsWPhJ_1OI/AAAAAAABBS8/cFA_q9VJwqgRCbNFAb3D95n0G3PdGYU0wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Roth%2B1924%2Bplate177.JPG" title="Bark canoe on the Mazaruni River, Guyana" width="313" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Akawai open-ended woodskin on the Mazaruni River (Roth, W., 1924:plate 177) Click any image to enlarge.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The most common type
of woodskin appears to have been the one with open ends, which was used by many
of Guyana’s Amerindian peoples, both near the coast and in the inland “hinterlands”.
This was usually made from the bark of the purpleheart tree (C<i>opaifera
pubiflora</i>). Several aspects of its construction are unusual, if not unique.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The tree is felled
with the bark still attached. Cuts the desired length of the canoe are then
made along both sides of the trunk, then these lineal cuts are connected by circumferential
cuts at both ends around the top and sides of the trunk and the bark is pried
off with wood wedges. There is thus no need to roll the trunk to get at the surface
that rests on the ground. Once it is off the trunk, the bark is propped open
with sticks between the opposite edges to keep it from closing up again.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This is quite
different from the method of harvesting birch bark for </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">North American</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">canoes. There,
the tree is left standing and is not killed by being barked. A single slit the
length of the canoe (or as long a piece as the tree allows) is made along the
height of the trunk, and cuts are made around the entire circumference of the
trunk at the top and bottom of the slit, so that the bark is removed in a
single piece that completely surrounds the trunk, thus maximizing its width. This
is possible because birch bark is relatively thin and quite flexible, while the
bark of purpleheart is so thick and stiff that a full circumference could not
be opened up around a single split to remove it from the trunk without
cracking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0KtT7PjK4wo/XwsWY0c5-tI/AAAAAAABBTA/1VLrMf0mFY4fJr50YskqIX-Ut2JPxr3vQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Roth%2B1924_p615.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Detail of bark preparation for bark canoe, Guyana" border="0" data-original-height="167" data-original-width="489" height="109" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0KtT7PjK4wo/XwsWY0c5-tI/AAAAAAABBTA/1VLrMf0mFY4fJr50YskqIX-Ut2JPxr3vQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Roth%2B1924_p615.JPG" title="Detail of bark preparation for bark canoe, Guyana" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Outer bark removed (right); inner bark folded (left) (Roth, W., 1924:615)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The purpleheart bark
is of two layers – a thick, stiff outer one, and a more flexible inner one. The
two are removed together from the trunk, then wedges of the outer layer are cut
and removed from both edges 2-3 feet (70-100cm) in from both ends, leaving the
inner layer intact. With one man standing amidships, another raises one of the
ends so that the flexible inner bark folks in upon itself. Holes are punctured
through the four layers of bark and the overlapping sections are stitched together
with “bush rope” – presumably thin roots, withies, or possibly natural fibers
taken from palm leaves or similar. The other end is treated the same way.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OQh3-saogfA/XwsWoEJH0kI/AAAAAAABBTI/0pjNfmLLcsUIJiUaJ1TxxiEPSGFqil6TwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Roth%2B1924_p616.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Fully-outfitted bark canoe, Guayana" border="0" data-original-height="148" data-original-width="657" height="72" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OQh3-saogfA/XwsWoEJH0kI/AAAAAAABBTI/0pjNfmLLcsUIJiUaJ1TxxiEPSGFqil6TwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Roth%2B1924_p616.JPG" title="Fully-outfitted bark canoe, Guayana" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fully-outfitted woodskin with inwales, thwarts, spreaders and tightening ropes (Roth, W., 1924:616).</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Details seem to differ
from one boat to the next, or possibly according to the practices of different communities
or Amerindian peoples, but one common modification is the addition of inwales, which are stitched along the upper edge of the bark amidships, and
extend into the raised ends below the top edges, where they help keep the open ends
elevated above the waterline. Sometimes sitting thwarts are added, suspended by
hangers attached to the inwales. Beams are tied in place to keep the sides apart
amidships. Conversely, ropes are used to keep the sides from spreading out too
far toward the ends. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dimensions are
typically about 15-16 feet (</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">450-500cm)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> LOA (although lengths of 25-30 feet/8-9m are
reported), 4 feet (125cm) beam, and depth 6-8 inches (15-20cm),
with freeboard a mere 3-5 inches (8-12cm).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7dCUVnpH_qM/XwsWv5fjSDI/AAAAAAABBTQ/tHV0znTHtxcfRHTBSe5YyyubUKWMCVLSACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Farabee%2B1918%2Bp75.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Closed-end woodskin. Top: bark cuts.Closed-end bark canoe, Guyana: construction details." border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="626" height="190" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7dCUVnpH_qM/XwsWv5fjSDI/AAAAAAABBTQ/tHV0znTHtxcfRHTBSe5YyyubUKWMCVLSACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Farabee%2B1918%2Bp75.JPG" title="Closed-end woodskin. Top: bark cuts.Closed-end bark canoe, Guyana: construction details." width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Closed-end woodskin. Top: bark cuts. Middle: ends folded up. Bottom: outfitted. (Farabee, W. C., 1918:75)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An alternative form,
used by the inland Wapisiana Arawak people, has pointed, closed ends. The bark
is harvested in the same manner, but after it is removed from the trunk, the
top corners at both ends are removed, so that the bark is pointed at both ends.
The bark is placed open-side down over a low fire to soften it, then it is
expanded and sticks are placed between the
opposite sides to keep them spread apart, but apparently not as wide as in the open-ended type. The ends are then folded and raised
as above, except that the wedge-shaped sections from which
the stiff outer bark is removed are longer, almost touching each other from
opposite sides on the bottom of the hull. This seems to produce a hull with a rounder bottom and greater freeboard than the open-ended type.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--L1jAdEE2CU/XwsW1l-PFBI/AAAAAAABBTU/kA9VwOaSHwQeCRw98WJWn2Z24tDC96DrwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Roth%2B1924_plate179.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bark canoe on Rupununi River, Guyana" border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="474" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--L1jAdEE2CU/XwsW1l-PFBI/AAAAAAABBTU/kA9VwOaSHwQeCRw98WJWn2Z24tDC96DrwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Roth%2B1924_plate179.JPG" title="Bark canoe on Rupununi River, Guyana" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Woodskin on the Rupununi River (Roth, W., 1924:plate 179)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Woodskins generally carried
one to three people and were used for fishing and general transportation. They
drew little water (about 3 inches/8cm), so were useful on shallow and rocky
streams, and could be more easily portaged around rapids and falls than heavier
logboats. Their low freeboard, however, was a disadvantage because they could
afford to take on very little water, the purpleheart bark being so dense that
the boat would sink if swamped. Propulsion was with single-bladed paddles, an example of which can be seen clearly in the first photo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have found no recent
references to woodskin use, but hope to determine whether they are still in use
during a planned visit. If you have “on the ground” knowledge, please contact
me.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">-------<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Sources</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Arnold, B.
(2017) Bark-canoes of South America: from Amazonia to Tierra del Fuego (English
text without illustrations; French original: Les canoës en écorce d’ Amérique
du Sud: de l ’Amazonie à la Terre de Feu). Le Locle: Editions G d’Encre (Le
tour du monde en 80 pirogues, fascicule 3).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Brindley,
M. D. (1924) ‘THE CANOES of BRITISH GUIANA’, The Mariner’s Mirror. Routledge,
10(2), pp. 124–132. doi: 10.1080/00253359.1924.10655267.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Farabee, W.
C. (1918) The Central Arawaks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Anthropological Publications. Available at:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/central-arawaks/84081CF333475CE23BA33C43187D17BC.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Roth, W. E.
(1924) An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana
Indians. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. Available at: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c006937560&view=2up&seq=4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">Worcester,
G. R. G. (1956) ‘Notes on the canoes of British Guiana’, Mariner’s Mirror,
42(3), pp. 249–251.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-61514989842727550412020-04-15T09:35:00.002-07:002020-04-15T09:35:24.498-07:00Boat Iconography at the British Museum #2: Pre-Classic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">This is the second in a series of posts on ancient boat iconography at
the British Museum. The first post looked at <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/2020/04/boat-iconography-at-british-museum-1.html" target="_blank">ancient Egyptian boat models</a>. (Click any image to enlarge.)</span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7fAcuJMdUUA/Xpcyy_dloQI/AAAAAAABAXg/WeQ1yMg5QZYzU5MGGUwsmtsaNMwBwHNjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_164748.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Naqada jar with sailing ship image" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7fAcuJMdUUA/Xpcyy_dloQI/AAAAAAABAXg/WeQ1yMg5QZYzU5MGGUwsmtsaNMwBwHNjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_164748.jpg" title="Naqada jar with sailing ship image" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Dating from the second phase of the Naqada culture (</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">3500–3200 BC</span>)<span lang="EN-US"> in what is now Egypt,
this is one of the earliest undoubted images of a boat with a sail from
anywhere in the world. The medium-aspect squaresail, hung from a mast stepped
far toward the bow, appears to have a boom along the bottom edge. As the mast
crosses the sail somewhat off-center, it could conceivably have been a lugsail,
although there is no good evidence for the use of lugsails in ancient Egypt,
and with the mast so far forward, the boat could only have sailed before the
wind in any case, so it was likely used only while traveling upstream on the
Nile. No rigging is shown, but this is surely a function of the illustration’s
overall paucity of detail, not an indication that none was used. The prow rises
vertically very high and the stern is also raised. There is a great deal of
rocker and sheer. Just behind the raised stem and beneath the leading edge of
the sail is what appears to be a tiny platform: perhaps this was a pilot’s
station or a base for a votive image. Aft, vertical posts support a
forward-sloping platform, roof, or awning. Rectangular blocks of “waves” all
around the boat represent the sea. Here is the <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=119534&partId=1&searchText=jar+35324&page=1">British
Museum’s record</a> and another photo.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TQsqN-6qA8I/XpcyxBabJ8I/AAAAAAABAYI/nLxT4x8nkm8EH0Yxj5ep72OO9uNwCt5FQCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoCVoMRcSfz5L2ytH1CO1ecJOkHeC0muiQrJKkuyNZUx34vI8nccScPEOjBgEcWwxKHj10-ZmXJ3hMmqChPjysmH1PBDV6CHHI2iYc8zXbD767VT8ZuwpTdZ1XoFGUVJKlo1uOyZhrOD6GFIPVsXZJMiIBntYkT0AwdisIAuSIzp5bnTSAiy3YaJonBbHWcGMeDIGTPsovwjfhT7URSN0qE8O_lMgBt9qfNp0FRqzSYfdHS-39IIo9n4mBLDB4TkYk1OsoGJi8Oq48gP1h--HjOOyxIL60nUJzhCjROygsw1D5m0aJdKMi-dczCMRF2n0Gy988C3Yk6GjmX6VLqGTsSK-gMYBnEiuarzCyfyAXPnvFJe6FL_SBPkyfTnNj1uwRZS0sipJnRF6yU6F7HFJFWUitSbaOwyqMcfzFUYzstim7ZdsCs3GdZItOJeZvvy1VyqsJiqNn_eRmjQ_5bRgPEUyCBLnWcsZph6Ve3NLTxxCeY1mSqjPy6ZyDCBotT9tOgrZmn0Ips-fceiSNbIHRQrQltMnPXZFhwkdaw4GlvHGlDnuKK991p8x1YFpvv7NrH1URzS-96ViV5_Zrxq08J1D25-5tFuU4f8MI3u3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_164719.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Naqada jar with sailing ship image" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TQsqN-6qA8I/XpcyxBabJ8I/AAAAAAABAYI/nLxT4x8nkm8EH0Yxj5ep72OO9uNwCt5FQCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoCVoMRcSfz5L2ytH1CO1ecJOkHeC0muiQrJKkuyNZUx34vI8nccScPEOjBgEcWwxKHj10-ZmXJ3hMmqChPjysmH1PBDV6CHHI2iYc8zXbD767VT8ZuwpTdZ1XoFGUVJKlo1uOyZhrOD6GFIPVsXZJMiIBntYkT0AwdisIAuSIzp5bnTSAiy3YaJonBbHWcGMeDIGTPsovwjfhT7URSN0qE8O_lMgBt9qfNp0FRqzSYfdHS-39IIo9n4mBLDB4TkYk1OsoGJi8Oq48gP1h--HjOOyxIL60nUJzhCjROygsw1D5m0aJdKMi-dczCMRF2n0Gy988C3Yk6GjmX6VLqGTsSK-gMYBnEiuarzCyfyAXPnvFJe6FL_SBPkyfTnNj1uwRZS0sipJnRF6yU6F7HFJFWUitSbaOwyqMcfzFUYzstim7ZdsCs3GdZItOJeZvvy1VyqsJiqNn_eRmjQ_5bRgPEUyCBLnWcsZph6Ve3NLTxxCeY1mSqjPy6ZyDCBotT9tOgrZmn0Ips-fceiSNbIHRQrQltMnPXZFhwkdaw4GlvHGlDnuKK991p8x1YFpvv7NrH1URzS-96ViV5_Zrxq08J1D25-5tFuU4f8MI3u3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_164719.jpg" title="Naqada jar with sailing ship image" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The redware pottery jar stands 58.5cm tall. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IvOFrRIgbAk/Xpcy0ZOarZI/AAAAAAABAXk/uOGMjcj7XDcMvVyzOeCzFvGFeCkU635tQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_135046.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Meopotamian bitumen boat model" border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="1600" height="141" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IvOFrRIgbAk/Xpcy0ZOarZI/AAAAAAABAXk/uOGMjcj7XDcMvVyzOeCzFvGFeCkU635tQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_135046.jpg" title="Meopotamian bitumen boat model" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This big (75cm long) model, from a grave in Ur, in southern
Mesopotamia, dates to the Akkadian period (2300-2150 BC). It’s made of bitumen
mixed with earth and is very similar in form to plank-built <a href="https://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-boats-of-iraqs-madan.html">boats
called taradas used in the Iraqi swamps</a> well into the 20<sup>th</sup>
century. Taradas and boats made of reeds were both coated with bitumen, which
occurs naturally in the area. It’s unclear if the model represents a boat of
reeds or planks, but to me it feels more like the former. Grave boats in Ur
were originally loaded with containers thought to have held provisions for the
afterlife, or possibly as bait to distract evil spirits. <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368772&partId=1&searchText=133043&page=1">British
Museum record</a> and photos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ORMn0XrXK2Y/XpczHTBVeEI/AAAAAAABAYA/734kGv2Zz20s7Lrul5Z1scXoUtdFBOGIgCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoDldWevfAX6bLo-8bKDBkwNlk3uwngdsznpWflnEyeyEEZfwd6Zk2iz_gKOSiTVYGCCpS0Vw-XLBuF6TKzLCSvJcEjcKDrCg0oetdDCjvzmwCOAJRSGgmNHAUZesotsnv7Dw961h-XeSYfVcWnTW9KlhCvUAkg4remlGCbXcMXR2e6NPq9XtZfKZB-APdFfuX_keiF2m6K5YeyxsLJEvjQb3ZFDNGbURxNj5iYYQL17fzNRUGdnHkHQP-EwL6B6mFg9u5GpmgSbGBY54bHYWH8R5UKDASkGsTnTh9KCeZkDB8X_SSpVFONO_Q1TvyvpbyzZBCu4Xnh40PeC_wN3C_WGyJzQTt_n2J-pNr-moV9uCMEx2lcuEk9FGjPJMXwG6ydF8I1h0QwnsiH5sK--PIYsDBBiZOi0Yk0m70WySO4vzOhv99NyMebDT9H9g2m734mGOpuCkYu27mGWmn7DeVwm6hnPX0xc6v6RPc5FWgLNAl0d6PcuQKZGZMH6uKkNdS_AlrWjDhLi2Ov_fePRrQUFRWIog_YgVnFlZgERoFRj9nfLW6nD9LofrODW5m2nQ4GH0mh_PRWFJGaCIa9pvACcX100O1kidX4yMJrr3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_165757.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Bronze Age Cyprian jar with ship image" border="0" data-original-height="1461" data-original-width="1099" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ORMn0XrXK2Y/XpczHTBVeEI/AAAAAAABAYA/734kGv2Zz20s7Lrul5Z1scXoUtdFBOGIgCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoDldWevfAX6bLo-8bKDBkwNlk3uwngdsznpWflnEyeyEEZfwd6Zk2iz_gKOSiTVYGCCpS0Vw-XLBuF6TKzLCSvJcEjcKDrCg0oetdDCjvzmwCOAJRSGgmNHAUZesotsnv7Dw961h-XeSYfVcWnTW9KlhCvUAkg4remlGCbXcMXR2e6NPq9XtZfKZB-APdFfuX_keiF2m6K5YeyxsLJEvjQb3ZFDNGbURxNj5iYYQL17fzNRUGdnHkHQP-EwL6B6mFg9u5GpmgSbGBY54bHYWH8R5UKDASkGsTnTh9KCeZkDB8X_SSpVFONO_Q1TvyvpbyzZBCu4Xnh40PeC_wN3C_WGyJzQTt_n2J-pNr-moV9uCMEx2lcuEk9FGjPJMXwG6ydF8I1h0QwnsiH5sK--PIYsDBBiZOi0Yk0m70WySO4vzOhv99NyMebDT9H9g2m734mGOpuCkYu27mGWmn7DeVwm6hnPX0xc6v6RPc5FWgLNAl0d6PcuQKZGZMH6uKkNdS_AlrWjDhLi2Ov_fePRrQUFRWIog_YgVnFlZgERoFRj9nfLW6nD9LofrODW5m2nQ4GH0mh_PRWFJGaCIa9pvACcX100O1kidX4yMJrr3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_165757.jpg" title="Bronze Age Cyprian jar with ship image" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">We’ve leapt forward well over a milennium, to </span><span style="background: white;">750 BC-600 BC</span>. The vessel depicted on this Bronze
Age Cypriot jar has its mast stepped amidships and would have been more capable
than the earlier Naqada boat of sailing across or into the wind on the open
Mediterranean. The furled sail, of low or medium aspect, has no boom along its
bottom edge. Rigging is clearly shown but is hard to interpret. (Guess: the
lower, upside-down V represents shrouds; the upper, rightside-up V represents
braces.) Both bow and stern turn up abruptly and rise to great heights, with
decorative flourishes at their upper ends. There is a large structure in the
bow (right side), and a helmsman stands at the stern managing double steering
oars or side rudders. Large amphorae, probably containing wine, oil, or fish
sauce, constitute the cargo.<span style="background: white; color: #666666;"> <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=51295001&objectid=400188">Just
out of the frame to the left side</a>, </span><span style="background: white;">a crewman defacates over the stern, making this probably the world’s earliest
depiction of shipboard sanitary arrangements. The </span><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><a href="https://www.nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/">Nautical
Archaeology Society</a> </span><span style="background: white;">uses this image (minus the biological
function) as its logo. More about this item in this</span><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"> <a href="https://www.nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=0b4469a3-a536-448d-8930-27b159e4e493">article
from the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</a>. <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=400188&page=1&partId=1&searchText=1926%2C0628.9">British
Museum record</a> </span><span style="background: white;">and photos.</span><span style="background: white; color: #666666;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H0EOiXhQHiE/Xpcy2vdaakI/AAAAAAABAX8/1ZVY2bMxAaUtt1ga63A6oy8Xu55NCSOcQCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_165523.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Cyprian Bronze Age boat models" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H0EOiXhQHiE/Xpcy2vdaakI/AAAAAAABAX8/1ZVY2bMxAaUtt1ga63A6oy8Xu55NCSOcQCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_165523.jpg" title="Cyprian Bronze Age boat models" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Three terracotta ship
models from tombs on Cyprus. Top and middle: </span><span style="background: white;">600BC-500BC</span>. Bottom: 750 BC-475 BC. With no
suggestion of a rig, they appear to be rowing galleys, probably warships,
judging by the rams on two of them. Although they’re similar, they all differ
slightly in the forms of the ram or prow, the upper extensions of the stem and
sternpost, and decoration. All three have oculi and are 16-17cm long. British Museum
records and photos:<span style="background: white; color: #666666;"> <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=418060&partId=1&searchText=Boat+Cyprus+1894&page=1">top</a>,
<a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=400179&partId=1&searchText=Boat+Cyprus+1894&page=1">middle</a>,
<a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=412721&partId=1&searchText=Boat+Cyprus&page=1">bottom</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RbcUZ7W2hKY/Xpcy3mKjahI/AAAAAAABAYM/YmvQaag1VQMrRaJxj0ZxFHHbucalS7eJACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_165547.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Cyprian Bronze Age boat models" border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="1600" height="183" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RbcUZ7W2hKY/Xpcy3mKjahI/AAAAAAABAYM/YmvQaag1VQMrRaJxj0ZxFHHbucalS7eJACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_165547.jpg" title="Cyprian Bronze Age boat models" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The starboard sides of the Cypriot galley models.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1kspjiJUmDQ/Xpcy6TzbkvI/AAAAAAABAYE/rQWy0nW23aYqwUowsVByh_TkBFWrZgHfACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_165709.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Cyprian Bronze Age ship model" border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1600" height="187" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1kspjiJUmDQ/Xpcy6TzbkvI/AAAAAAABAYE/rQWy0nW23aYqwUowsVByh_TkBFWrZgHfACEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_165709.jpg" title="Cyprian Bronze Age ship model" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This terracotta merchant ship from Cyprus (600-500 BC)
has a mast step amidship in the bottom, and the vessel was surely rigged with a
square sail. The ends of the posts have fishtail-like shapes. The broken parts
of the hull aft (right) may have been the location of steering oars. Where the
sides bend inward at the top probably represents a bulwark, not a tumblehome
hull shape. Forward is a cross-beam that probably served as catheads for anchor
handling. <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?searchText=Boat%20Cyprus%201894&ILINK|34484,|assetId=552580001&objectId=399719&partId=1">British
Museum record</a> and photos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zA39arZLyJQ/Xpcy8dcXboI/AAAAAAABAYI/ma2X5sqL4y4TpR8WVDG8iCvLS0NBx_6FwCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_165718.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Cyprian Bronze Age ship model" border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1600" height="198" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zA39arZLyJQ/Xpcy8dcXboI/AAAAAAABAYI/ma2X5sqL4y4TpR8WVDG8iCvLS0NBx_6FwCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_165718.jpg" title="Cyprian Bronze Age ship model" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This more elaborate merchant ship model is also from
Cyprus (750-500BC) and also has a mast step amidships. There are several
cross-beams and an elaborate sterncastle and poop deck, with structures to
secure steering oars or side-rudders. As this was a sailing merchant ships, the
rows of holes on both sides do not represent oar ports, and they are too low
and too numerous to be fastening points for shrouds. I believe they are
scuppers that would have been located at deck level, at the bottom of the bulwarks.
<a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?searchText=Boat%20Cyprus%201894&ILINK|34484,|assetId=34761001&objectId=400180&partId=1">British
Museum record</a> and photos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9tyvrFYZfF0/Xpcy-5Xrh7I/AAAAAAABAYM/Ise8qF_bawMhIXRFVJ90fx_7tf8rkOFpgCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s1600/IMG_20200126_165846.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Cyprian copper "ox hide" ingot " border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1194" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9tyvrFYZfF0/Xpcy-5Xrh7I/AAAAAAABAYM/Ise8qF_bawMhIXRFVJ90fx_7tf8rkOFpgCEwYBhgLKs4DAMBZVoBuA1BO3Z5QV3RLMobPcY-Uplnbx9ILg4z3U0dA3s9PmMtIkl2ba-0qTl-AS5LzBTfv_vCpnb9hEyonII2l1548-jYSy8fQNi7K6fJtHS2JmklUCQKRdsCzDTQoIeoXvXxJiGDThYOXqOjuLESjczSpE8fq_reOdbl3ignZkdrJoVMUGmoatJU7-sd9rdNN-E8h5c9pFQzCqoNMtu-1q9ckI44tk1w3XBE1ddlVEKckXF5YRTQlZUQmgGCD0veO1vC_zoJ2LBaYux9HNOYxnmGjlRvI9Ywea2nePVGazxs1LI24v9rVOglxprWuKLceiD-usG3Cfqdc-8IrKCqWcpL_pDj1STkrifT_AIYXzy38Uf_s-1JI2ziFa8zXumdgqkAK1YexZA1S-Yx4dDpZHdmMFN7etEE2achCSfoiLgnn9gBbQzEonF3QEQ4-cZCan0LjTcgAw1yMKOZIIahZYncRydzpA1-0JjvNgKQG2LN61JHu1XuPZK0cO7I-hBpZKDUCL0hAAv3o5s4Ohbx0HiFzwW-L71LEPqeQUte7F-wk-jVwIgNgh7y4-yfLQYisAXHM6hRYGewXejGNYLlkKE2TNBG8WAXOxexLMLDr3PQF/s320/IMG_20200126_165846.jpg" title="Cyprian copper "ox hide" ingot " width="238" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Not iconography, but an example of an important type
of cargo carried by Cypriot ships. This is a 37 kg copper ingot, dated to about 1200 BC. It’s thought that the distinctive "ox hide" shape
made them easier to carry. Copper was the primary metal required for the
establishment of the Bronze Age. <a href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=400144&partId=1&searchText=Copper+ingot+cyprus&page=1">British
Museum record</a> and photo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-63866708775725139452020-04-01T07:20:00.000-07:002020-04-15T06:53:54.904-07:00Boat Iconography at the British Museum #1: Egypt<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
When it comes to studying the earliest watercraft, direct archaeological evidence, in the form of artefactual boats and ships, is extremely rare and fragmentary. In contrast, the iconography of ancient boats -- in the form of models, relief carvings, images on pottery, etc. -- is relatively abundant, and often well-preserved. If you read enough nautical history or archaeology, you'll come across a number of oft-used images that provide some of our best clues about the design and construction of early watercraft. Although subject to differing interpretations, these mostly well-known examples of boat iconography are crucial to current understandings of such fundamentals as when sails were first used, how Egyptians built reed, and then wooden, boats, and what Greek and Roman galleys looked like. Interpretation of fragmentary shipwrecks can be greatly hampered by a lack of relevant iconography.<br />
<br />
On a visit to London in January, I realized for the first time how so many of these "iconic examples of iconography" are held in the British Museum. It was like walking into a well-illustrated textbook, and a thrill to see these classic examples up close and in 3D. There are too many to include in a single post, so I'll begin with the Egyptian boat models, all of which are from funerary contexts. Later posts will examine examples from other areas and cultures. Photos were taken through display case glass, so image quality is poor, for which I apologize.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lF3IE4E-YZE/XoRzLYyq6dI/AAAAAAABAMo/wprlX7aDHm49CWsr8b1jxh24HqeuikzvACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_164508.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="870" height="201" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lF3IE4E-YZE/XoRzLYyq6dI/AAAAAAABAMo/wprlX7aDHm49CWsr8b1jxh24HqeuikzvACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_164508.jpg" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">From tomb 56 at the necropolis of Asyut, the burial of Hetepnebi, a local official, 1st Intermediate Period, about 2090 BC. I'm unsure if this represents a papyrus raft or a plank-built boat. Two masts are present (possibly used as towing posts?). Aboard are the owner, a pilot, six oarsmen, who I believe are kneeling, and five soldiers, who stand. Shields and staves are stacked amidships. Paddles and a steering oar have been lost. (Click any image to enlarge.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ePotyaiX6DU/XoRzXQU68lI/AAAAAAABAMw/KxRCK1vupu8yQUsk7zgepUEW7gKnqHoowCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_164250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="1011" height="123" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ePotyaiX6DU/XoRzXQU68lI/AAAAAAABAMw/KxRCK1vupu8yQUsk7zgepUEW7gKnqHoowCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_164250.jpg" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">From the same tomb: crews of two papyrus rafts. The raft on the left is a replica of the original, which disintegrated. Unlike the oared craft above, these are propelled by forward-facing paddlers, who work from a crouching posture. A pilot originally stood at the bow, and a figure of the owner at the stern.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="930" height="166" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ITRPl7rDjCc/XoR0Bu-3yBI/AAAAAAABANY/QYzM-4l9hh07TCsN2imQB0R5-gEdqxURQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_164050.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The museum's online catalog search isn't working and the display signage only indicates that this and the next model are from a tomb from "the end of the Old Kingdom to the mid Twelfth Dynasty", which is roughly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_of_Ancient_Egypt" target="_blank">2181 BC to 2000 BC</a>. This model appears to represent a wooden boat, propelled with 8 oarsman, with a pilot in the bow and a helmsman astern. The oarsmen wear a skirt-like garment that covers their legs, making it difficult to say if they crouch or kneel. The model once included a mast, sail, and rigging as well.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X-khGahTOtc/XoRzo4TwjWI/AAAAAAABANE/gRJ9TcuBll0LT-3jqV6-tvkOH5XAnIXNwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_164224.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="936" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X-khGahTOtc/XoRzo4TwjWI/AAAAAAABANE/gRJ9TcuBll0LT-3jqV6-tvkOH5XAnIXNwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_164224.jpg" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Apparently found with the previous model, this one is set up strictly for sail, although two of the crew were apparently using poles (lost) as well. Three other crew manage the rigging, and again there's a pilot forward and a helmsman aft. The owner sits with boxes of cargo beneath the decorated canopy. The rudder arrangement is interesting. The upper end of the stock rests on a post forward of and high above the helmsman; the lower end, just above the blade, rests on top of the transom. A tiller (lost) extended down from the stock between these two pivot points. The significance of the grid-like lines painted on the deck of this and all of the models below is unclear. Did they represent removable deck panels? Perhaps thwarts and a longitudinal strength member?</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="969" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eAzvZEkZSuM/XoRzyPCPwCI/AAAAAAABANI/OyZ8fOyMEusYnkKWkp99tRPgtbTcBG9vQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_163742.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This funerary boat (12th Dynasty, about 1850, from Thebes) carries the deceased owner's mummy. attended by a mourner, a priest, and provisions for the afterlife. The boat represented was probably wooden, but the upturned ends are reminiscent of papyrus rafts, a design holdover from the older, more "traditional" technology. Twin quarter-rudders are supported at the upper end by an A-frame that is topped by a carved falcon head, and managed by a single helmsman who has two tillers to manage. </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eAzvZEkZSuM/XoRzyPCPwCI/AAAAAAABANI/OyZ8fOyMEusYnkKWkp99tRPgtbTcBG9vQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_163742.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></span>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cuUqe6FxKEc/XoSb1hW8NYI/AAAAAAABAOM/QIDhOL5mjAEpF-9qAnfE1DGYlwBKO-G7QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_163757.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="814" height="124" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cuUqe6FxKEc/XoSb1hW8NYI/AAAAAAABAOM/QIDhOL5mjAEpF-9qAnfE1DGYlwBKO-G7QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_163757.jpg" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This top view of the previous model shows a painted grid pattern on the deck, similar to the previous two models.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ETCJLa6q_3I/XoRz3FdUfuI/AAAAAAABANQ/a0KvIdfIY-obTvhJJGZI_QPNfofR8OzFgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_163737.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="755" height="317" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ETCJLa6q_3I/XoRz3FdUfuI/AAAAAAABANQ/a0KvIdfIY-obTvhJJGZI_QPNfofR8OzFgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_163737.jpg" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">12th Dynasty, about 1985-1795 BC, provenance unknown. With the crew sitting on boxes and posed for rowing, and the boat is rigged for sail, the deceased's soul will be able to travel both upstream and down. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4WWzmWtTlX8/XoRz6r-Bj9I/AAAAAAABANU/XEKqmr-48f4z-yeh4spG35tUfGOymRmzACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20200126_163716.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="463" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4WWzmWtTlX8/XoRz6r-Bj9I/AAAAAAABANU/XEKqmr-48f4z-yeh4spG35tUfGOymRmzACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20200126_163716.jpg" title="Ancient Egyptian boat model at British Museum" width="176" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The same model as in the previous photo. The square-profile squaresail rig has a yard with multiple lifts and a boom with multiple halyards.The rudder has lifting tackle to raise it in shallow water or for beaching. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-90781217262316484442020-02-12T08:43:00.001-08:002020-02-14T02:00:14.730-08:00Corfu's Reed Raft, the Papyrella<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EwRmleZyV2U/XkQYghkmvfI/AAAAAAAA-5c/N92fI_xHxdopQFoWEIZIJv7OLGG4pjfxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20190406_122147_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Corfiot papyrella, a reed raft" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1024" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EwRmleZyV2U/XkQYghkmvfI/AAAAAAAA-5c/N92fI_xHxdopQFoWEIZIJv7OLGG4pjfxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20190406_122147_1.jpg" title="Corfiot papyrella, a reed raft" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The papyrella built for the Exeter Maritime Museum, now held by the National Maritime Museum of Poland, photographed in Suffolk, England by Bob Holtzman (click any image to enlarge).</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rafts made of reeds
are among the oldest types of watercraft, and remained in use in many areas through the end of the previous millennium “wherever
there is a good supply of reeds” </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(McGrail, 2001:21,
104)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Papyrus, among the most common
reeds used for raft building, may have been among the earliest as well. Papyrus
rafts are known from Egyptian tomb carvings, paintings, and funerary models as
early as the Fifth Dynasty (2492-2345 BCE) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Hornell, 1970:47-48;
McGrail, 2001:22)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, and these appear quite finely
modeled and highly developed, so that much earlier use can be safely assumed </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Hornell, 1970:48-49)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QQbrjhz8aPs/XkQk4I66xSI/AAAAAAAA-6Y/IVmD6wwRNqo_nR8v5Ef5LfGowrqL1GBjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Egyptian%2BReed%2BBoat%2Brelief_20200212_0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Reed raft under construction in an Egyptian 5th Dynasty tomb relief " border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1600" height="202" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QQbrjhz8aPs/XkQk4I66xSI/AAAAAAAA-6Y/IVmD6wwRNqo_nR8v5Ef5LfGowrqL1GBjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Egyptian%2BReed%2BBoat%2Brelief_20200212_0001.jpg" title="Reed raft under construction in an Egyptian 5th Dynasty tomb relief " width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Papyrus reed raft under construction in an Egyptian 5th Dynasty tomb relief (McGrail 2001:21).</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Modern examples of
papyrus rafts are known from Lake Tsana (i.e., Tana) in Ethiopia; among the
Buduma and Kuri people on Lake Chad; in Palestine; and elsewhere </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Hornell, 1970:53-56)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Among the last European reed rafts
was the <i>papyrella</i> of Corfu, whose use apparently petered out only in the
1970s. Although the Corfiot name papyrella is clearly etymologically related to
papyrus, the reeds from which they were built is disputed. They have been identified
as giant fennel, <i>Ferula Communs L.</i> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzamtis, 1990:329)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, although a later observer states
that they were <i>Scirpus lacustris L. ssp lacustris</i>, of the same <i>Cyperacea</i>
family as Egyptian <i>Cyperus</i> papyrus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzalas, 1995:456)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The basic papyrus raft
can be built with no tool other than a stone blade for cutting reeds, and with
no specialized techniques other than rope-making </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Sean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"publisher":"Oxford
University
Press","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"Boats
of the World: from the Stone Age to Medieval
times","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8e269ebc-1c5f-44bc-ad48-528622b9f10d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail,
2001)","manualFormatting":"(McGrail,
2001:21-22)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
2001)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
2001)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(McGrail, 2001:21-22)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, and this goes a long way to
explain the papyrus raft’s early appearance in history. The papyrella, however,
is a unique hybrid design incorporating some wooden components and requiring a
few additional tools and techniques. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Construction began with six to eight light cypress saplings about 3m
long. These were tied together at their narrow ends – the end that would be the
bow – and splayed to a width of 1.1-1.3m at the stern. Three broad planks were
laid beneath this framework, one at the stern, one about a meter back from the
bow end, and one halfway between. Papyrus reeds were gathered into bundles with
their butt ends all aligned and tied with cordage, so that the bundles were
roughly 20cm in diameter at the butt end, narrower at the other end. These
bundles were laid over the frame, perhaps six or seven bundles across, in two
layers. Three more planks were then placed on top of the bundles, directly
above the lower planks. The two layers of planks were then lashed with heavy
rope passing through two holes in both ends of each plank, sandwiching the reed
bundles and holding them in place. More reeds were bundled and tied into a
horseshoe shape on top of the raft to serve as a coaming or gunwale. Finally, the
saplings at the bow were bent upward and back and tied in place to form a prow </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzamtis","given":"A.
I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tropis
II: 2nd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity Proceedings
(1987)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"page":"329-332","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition","publisher-place":"Delphi","title":"Papyrella:
remote descendant of a middle stone age
craft?","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=df6cab00-30df-4d31-8798-fae330a36632"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","manualFormatting":"(Tzamtis,
1990:330)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis, 1990)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Papyrus is delicate and easily crushed and abraded, and when damaged, it
absorbs water readily and loses its buoyancy. To protect the reeds on the bottom
of the bundles when the boat was grounded, “common reeds” of a more durable
type than papyrus were sometimes placed between the cypress bottom poles</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. A second set of cypress poles,
tied like the first set, was sometimes placed on top of the reed bundles and
beneath the top set of planks</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzamtis","given":"A.
I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tropis
II: 2nd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity Proceedings
(1987)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"page":"329-332","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition","publisher-place":"Delphi","title":"Papyrella:
remote descendant of a middle stone age
craft?","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=df6cab00-30df-4d31-8798-fae330a36632"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","manualFormatting":"(Tzamtis,
1990:330)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. This might have been done to
stiffen the structure, although it is unclear if rafts without this feature
were subject to excessive flexing. Since the poles run mostly parallel with the
bundles, it does not appear to be useful for containing them. A third modification sometimes present was the substitution of short cypress poles for the transverse boards </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WA3EorMfoDk/XkQZ7f0vjWI/AAAAAAAA-5o/B7tXZd5D2RcLPJZRaSkJVKcGuNwwCSg0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/IMG_20190406_122215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Papyrella raft stern view" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WA3EorMfoDk/XkQZ7f0vjWI/AAAAAAAA-5o/B7tXZd5D2RcLPJZRaSkJVKcGuNwwCSg0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_20190406_122215.jpg" title="Papyrella raft stern view" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Stern of the papyrella (photo: Bob Holtzman)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Descriptions of a few aspects of construction are ambiguous. Tzamtis states that the bottom cross-planks were placed beneath the cypress longitudinals </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(1990:330), which would hold the saplings in place sandwich-wise. In the example shown, however, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the planks are on top of the longitudinals, so the saplings had to have been tied to the boards to remain in place. As one of
the final steps, “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">two cypresses were placed
on the stern, and bound there from the bottom to around the top, thus
completing the caging in of the papyri bundles” </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> This feature did
not appear on the example I examined, and the disposition of these two poles on
the stern is unclear. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Also, the cypress base poles which extended beyond the reed
bundles at the bow, were bent up and back and tied in place to bring the tips
out of the water and create somewhat of a prow shape. Tzamtis </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(1990:330)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> indicates that this was done as the
very last step in construction, but Tzalas </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(1995:444)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> states they were bent into this
shape when green and held under pressure until the wood dried, after which they
held the shape on their own</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. It is unclear if the square stern was the natural result of aligning
the bottoms of the bundles, or if the aft ends of the bundles were all sheared even
and square after being bound together. There is an account of papyrellas with
a rounded stern </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330), which surely would have been cut to shape after the bundles were bound together</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">The entire building process took two to three days. Finished rafts were 2.5-3m
LOA, with their greatest beam of 1.1-1.3m at the stern and maximum thickness of
45-50cm, also at the stern </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzamtis","given":"A.
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(1987)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"page":"329-332","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
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Antiquity","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"441-470","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition","publisher-place":"Athens","title":"On
the Obsidian Trail with a papyrus raft in the
Cyclades","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cf0c2ced-8208-4291-b486-4a9d8b9ceb6d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990; Tzalas, 1995)","manualFormatting":"(Tzamtis,
1990:330; Tzalas,
1995:443-445)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990; Tzalas, 1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990; Tzalas, 1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330;
Tzalas, 1995:443-445)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Papyrella were used
for fishing in sheltered waters, “confined to lakes and bogs, rarely faring out
to sea and far from the coast” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzamtis","given":"A.
I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tropis
II: 2nd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity Proceedings
(1987)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"page":"329-332","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition","publisher-place":"Delphi","title":"Papyrella:
remote descendant of a middle stone age
craft?","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=df6cab00-30df-4d31-8798-fae330a36632"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","manualFormatting":"(Tzamtis,
1990:330)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis, 1990)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Reports refer to their use for lobster fishing,
but it would be surprising if other forms of fishing did not occur. There are
reports that double-length papyrellas of 5-6m LOA were built by joining two
single boats stern-to-stern, and that these larger boats would venture offshore
for lobster fishing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, but no such boats
have been properly documented. Long poles were used to hold the two boats
together, but it is unclear if the poles were forced through the bundles of
both boats or lashed to their exterior surfaces or frameworks</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzamtis","given":"A.
I.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tropis
II: 2nd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity Proceedings
(1987)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]},"page":"329-332","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
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craft?","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=df6cab00-30df-4d31-8798-fae330a36632"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","manualFormatting":"(Tzamtis,
1990:330-331)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzamtis,
1990)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330-331)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PU06aZQvJg8/XkQdOxUHzhI/AAAAAAAA-54/_B85G1-i0U0zSjaqvh7IIF5HS1tHVMtIgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Tzalas%2B4d%2Bp466.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Papyrella raft in Corfu with standing paddler using a double-bladed paddle" border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="611" height="208" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PU06aZQvJg8/XkQdOxUHzhI/AAAAAAAA-54/_B85G1-i0U0zSjaqvh7IIF5HS1tHVMtIgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Tzalas%2B4d%2Bp466.JPG" title="Papyrella raft in Corfu with standing paddler using a double-bladed paddle" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Papyrella under way in Corfu by a standing paddler using a double-bladed paddle (Tzalas 1995:466)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The standard “single”
papyrella was a one-man craft, propelled from a standing position with a
double-bladed paddle 2.3-2.5m long, including the two 50cm blades </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzamtis, 1990:330;
Tzalas, 1995:449)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. With the paddler standing, the gunwales
would have done nothing to protect him from waves, so their purpose must have been
to protect his gear and his catch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kw3Fys641Qo/XkQdF7MkilI/AAAAAAAA-50/URNwYrccPgAuA8wVe6s9j2f08ghYf2r5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Tzalas%2B4a%2B4b%2Bp465.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Fisherman standing a papyrella on end to dry" border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="714" height="228" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kw3Fys641Qo/XkQdF7MkilI/AAAAAAAA-50/URNwYrccPgAuA8wVe6s9j2f08ghYf2r5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Tzalas%2B4a%2B4b%2Bp465.JPG" title="Fisherman standing a papyrella on end to dry" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fisherman standing a papyrella on end to dry (Tzalas 1995:465)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The more tightly the
bundles are tied, the better a reed raft will resist waterlogging and decay </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(McGrail, 2001:22,
104)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. The bundles in the example examined were still tightly bound some 50 years after the raft was built. Another key
to longevity was to dry the bundles after every use by pulling the raft out of
the water and standing it on its stern end. Treated this way, the bundles might
last two to three years, while the framework could be used over and over </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Tzalas, 1995:443)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Regular use of the papyrella
continued into the late 1970s or early 1980s, at which time a single user
remained in Palaiokastritsa, in northwest Corfu </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
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Antiquity","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"441-470","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
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1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzalas, 1995:443)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. During the 1970s, three had been
built for museums – one in Corfu, one in Piraeus, and one in Exeter, England </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
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Antiquity","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"441-470","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
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1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzalas, 1995:443)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, the original home of the papyrella I examined. The Exeter collection was subsequently transferred to the World of
Boats collection in Eyemouth, England, and when that museum closed abruptly in
2017, the papyrella and a few other craft were purchased at auction by Valerie
Fenwick, a renowned British maritime archaeologist who kept them secure in a
barn in Suffolk until a proper caretaker organization could be found. This is where
I photographed it and documented its basic features in concert with the fellow
student who appears in the photos. The papyrella, along with the rest of the
small collection, was recently transferred to the <a href="https://en.nmm.pl/">National
Maritime Museum in Gdansk, Poland</a>, where, one hopes, it will be stabilized and
displayed </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://www.nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/the-fate-of-the-isca-collection","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","2","12"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fenwick","given":"Valerie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pink","given":"Jack","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nautical
Archaeology
Society","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"The
Fate of the ISCA Collection: The World’s Largest Collection of Traditional and
Vernacular
Boats","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1bbcb075-a67a-3119-9d1c-3fd2fb29cb06"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fenwick
and Pink, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fenwick and
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Fenwick and
Pink, 2020)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For a
50-some-odd-year-old reed raft, it remains in quite good condition. The reeds
are beginning to disintegrate, however, and lightweight monofilament fishnet has been fastened over them in an attempt to hold them together. It is unclear if the bundles at
the bow were originally larger than in the photos or if they extended further
forward. Some of the ropework is sloppy and haphazard, the result, I suspect, of attempted repairs by an individual unskilled in knots.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_wiSi96NOXU/XkQdbGyz0bI/AAAAAAAA-6A/VJrT7CoNU_ArqN-MbnCoqZJyB_Yyh5cuACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Papyrella%2Bat%2Bsea%2Bcolor%2Bfoto_Sampson%2B2018%2B23.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Harry Tzalas's raft Papyrella " border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="610" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_wiSi96NOXU/XkQdbGyz0bI/AAAAAAAA-6A/VJrT7CoNU_ArqN-MbnCoqZJyB_Yyh5cuACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Papyrella%2Bat%2Bsea%2Bcolor%2Bfoto_Sampson%2B2018%2B23.JPG" title="Harry Tzalas's raft Papyrella " width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Harry Tzalas's double-ended papyrella, named <i>Papyrella </i><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:
yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.22158/ac.v1n1p11","ISSN":"2578-1871","abstract":"The
excavations in the Aegean since the 1990s onwards have revealed a new cultural
stage, starting from the beginning of 9th millennium down to the end of 8th. A
network of sites extends from the northern to the southern Aegean Sea and from
the West to the East, having as reference points the obsidian sources of Melos
and Yali, Nissiros. In recent years, we have an increase of Mesolithic sites in
the insular Aegean, the mainland Greece as well as in the western Asian coast,
Cyprus and Crete. Recent research changes the data and shows that, along with
the navigation capability and the specialization in fishing, an early
Neolithisation in the Aegean began already in 9th millennium BC. It means that
active Mesolithic groups from the early 9th mill. till the end of 8thcould have
been able to travel to the East, interact with local populations of the PPNA
and PPNB and transfer plants and animals, domesticated or not to the Aegean and
the Greek mainland, contributing to the full Neolithisation of the
area.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sampson","given":"Adamantios","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Archaeology
and Culture","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"11-36","title":"The
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Southeastern Mediterranean and Their
Contribution in the Neolithisation of the
Aegean","type":"article-journal","volume":"1"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=86e44888-0bf5-4834-9ace-474c16f0c2e1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Sampson,
2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Sampson,
2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Sampson,
2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">(Sampson, 2018:23)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Certainly the most
famous individual papyrella was one named <i>Papyrella</i> and used in an experimental voyage from the
Greek island of Melos to the mainland in 1988 </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tropis
III: 3rd International Symposium on Ship Construction in
Antiquity","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"441-470","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition","publisher-place":"Athens","title":"On
the Obsidian Trail with a papyrus raft in the
Cyclades","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cf0c2ced-8208-4291-b486-4a9d8b9ceb6d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzalas,
1995)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzalas,
1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzalas,
1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzalas, 1995)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Seafaring by Mesolithic people has
been indirectly but firmly established by the presence on the Peloponnesian
mainland of obsidian from Melos, and Harry Tzalas (following Tzamtis’s lead) hypothesized
that this was mostly likely accomplished by means of a reed raft. Tzalas had a double-length,
double-ended papyrella built which he and five crew paddled from the mainland
to Melos over the course of 16 days </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Tropis
III: 3rd International Symposium on Ship Construction in
Antiquity","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tzalas","given":"Harry
E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"441-470","publisher":"Hellenic
Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition","publisher-place":"Athens","title":"On
the Obsidian Trail with a papyrus raft in the
Cyclades","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cf0c2ced-8208-4291-b486-4a9d8b9ceb6d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tzalas,
1995)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tzalas,
1995)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tzalas,
1995)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Tzalas, 1995)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Tzalas claimed that this voyage
supported his hypothesis, but I and some others </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/00438243.2015.1078739","ISSN":"14701375","abstract":"AbstractExperimental
voyaging, of the type made famous by the Kon-Tiki and the Hōkūleʻa, is often
considered to provide a means of modelling the performance of ancient seacraft,
a relevant variable if we are to understand patterning in prehistoric island
colonization and maritime interaction. Recently, in order to bolster claims
otherwise dependent on contentious data, some proponents who argue for maritime
colonisation as an evolutionarily ancient behaviour have suggested that such
experiments provide corroborating evidence for deliberate seagoing by archaic
hominins. Here, we examine the epistemological foundation for these claims, and
in particular what constitutes the basis for building good analogues in
archaeological reasoning and the limitations of inferences drawn from them. We
stress the importance of not conflating possibilities with probabilities, and
caution against an unwarranted uniformitarianism in making assumptions
regarding the cognitive, social, behavioural and technological contexts
of...","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cherry","given":"John
F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leppard","given":"Thomas
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"World
Archaeology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"740-755","publisher":"Routledge","title":"Experimental
archaeology and the earliest seagoing: the limitations of
inference","type":"article-journal","volume":"47"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=02168e50-6e30-4a3e-a097-940b3fd996a2"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cherry
and Leppard, 2015)","manualFormatting":"(Cherry and
Leppard, 2015:745)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cherry
and Leppard, 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cherry
and Leppard, 2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Cherry and
Leppard, 2015:745)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> find the experiment to be fraught
with errors of theory, logic, and methodology and view its results as dubious.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xqfmyhS0rBA/XkQdg59oTKI/AAAAAAAA-6I/CtY4peGMUsQeRnc3bfhhHRiI2avg7uR6ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Papyrella%2Broute%2Bmap_Cherry%2BLeppard%2B2015%2B746.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="map: route of reed raft Papyrella from Melos to Greek mainland" border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="877" height="166" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xqfmyhS0rBA/XkQdg59oTKI/AAAAAAAA-6I/CtY4peGMUsQeRnc3bfhhHRiI2avg7uR6ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Papyrella%2Broute%2Bmap_Cherry%2BLeppard%2B2015%2B746.JPG" title="map: route of reed raft Papyrella" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The route of <i>Papyrella </i>from Melos to the Greek mainland (Cherry and Leppard, 2015:746)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Bibliography</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->Cherry, J. F. and
Leppard, T. P. (2015) ‘Experimental archaeology and the earliest seagoing: the
limitations of inference’, <i>World Archaeology</i>. Routledge, 47(5), pp. 740–755.
doi: 10.1080/00438243.2015.1078739.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Fenwick, V. and Pink, J.
(2020) ‘The Fate of the ISCA Collection: The World’s Largest Collection of
Traditional and Vernacular Boats’, <i>Nautical Archaeology Society</i>.
Available at:
<a href="https://www.nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/the-fate-of-the-isca-collection">https://www.nauticalarchaeologysociety.org/the-fate-of-the-isca-collection</a> (Accessed:
12 February 2020).</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Hornell, J. (1970) <i>Water
transport: origins & early evolution</i>. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
McGrail, S. (2001) <i>Boats
of the World: from the Stone Age to Medieval times</i>. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Sampson, A. (2018) ‘The
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Southeastern Mediterranean and Their
Contribution in the Neolithisation of the Aegean’, <i>Archaeology and Culture</i>,
1(1), pp. 11–36. doi: 10.22158/ac.v1n1p11.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Tzalas, H. E. (1995) ‘On
the Obsidian Trail with a papyrus raft in the Cyclades’, in Tzalas, H. E. (ed.)
<i>Tropis III: 3rd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity</i>.
Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, pp. 441–470.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Tzamtis, A. I. (1990) ‘Papyrella:
remote descendant of a middle stone age craft?’, in Tzalas, H. E. (ed.) <i>Tropis
II: 2nd International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity Proceedings
(1987)</i>. Delphi: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical
Tradition, pp. 329–332.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-61404744020088631592019-12-06T03:44:00.002-08:002019-12-06T04:24:18.479-08:00Why Oak?: Material Choice in British and Irish Logboats<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(This post is slightly revised from a paper submitted for a class in Materials, Technology and Social Life at University of Southampton, 2018.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Referring
to wooden tubs, buckets, flasks, and cups recovered at Sutton Hoo, Comey </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Comey","given":"Martin
G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"chapter-number":"5","container-title":"Trees
and Timber in the Anglo-Saxon World","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bintley","given":"Michael
D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shapland","given":"Michael
G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"107-121","publisher":"Oxford
University Press","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"The
Wooden Drinking Vessels in the Sutton Hoo Assemblage: Materials, Morphology,
and Usage","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=861b1abc-65bf-455f-9fcf-f90469b58ab7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Comey,
2013)","manualFormatting":"(2013:109)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Comey,
2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Comey, 2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(2013:109)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> wrote, “A fundamental aspect of any wooden object is the
species of tree or woody shrub from which it originates. Identification of
species is an important consideration for understanding these wooden vessels
and this is true of all archaeological wood….”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">The
consideration is important because material choices reflect cultural decisions
and practices </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1364/OE.26.027058","ISSN":"1094-4087","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Conneller","given":"Chantal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"An
archaeology of materials: substantial transformations in early prehistoric
Europe","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1-23","publisher":"Routledge","publisher-place":"London","title":"Introduction:
Making Materials Matter","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b3df9f4b-a8a7-4050-a855-f51bd1b58475"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Conneller,
2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Conneller,
2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Conneller,
2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Conneller,
2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. The act of producing any wooden
object is mediated through and by the material. Obtaining the wood, producing
and selecting appropriate tools, and the techniques or methods employed to work
it – all steps in the <i>châine opératoire</i>
– are cultural acts influenced by the material </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hurcombe","given":"Linda
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"Routledge","publisher-place":"London
and New York","title":"Perishable Material Culture in Prehistory:
Investigating the Missing
Majority","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=41c2c29b-19de-473c-b01c-d91cb87c104e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hurcombe,
2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hurcombe,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hurcombe,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Hurcombe,
2014)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. The finished object thus
reflects culture independently of the use to which it is put. As described by
Conneller, “materials are meaningful and these meanings are reciprocally
generated in the varied processes of people’s engagement with them. Tracing
these connections reveals past worlds” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1364/OE.26.027058","ISSN":"1094-4087","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Conneller","given":"Chantal","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"An
archaeology of materials: substantial transformations in early prehistoric
Europe","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"1-23","publisher":"Routledge","publisher-place":"London","title":"Introduction:
Making Materials Matter","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b3df9f4b-a8a7-4050-a855-f51bd1b58475"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Conneller,
2011)","manualFormatting":"(2011:9)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Conneller,
2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Conneller,
2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(2011:9)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Logboats
are the largest and most technologically sophisticated portable objects
recovered from pre-Bronze Age Britain and Ireland (<i>Figure 1</i>). Introduced in the Mesolithic or Neolithic, they remained
in use in the Atlantic Archipelago until the second half of the second millennium
AD </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"publisher":"University
of Edinburgh","title":"A Comparative Study of Irish and
Scottish Logboats","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab30f70d-3388-4daa-b0db-545af4196d3e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanting","given":"J.
N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Palaeohistoria","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"627-650","title":"Dates
for origin and diffusion of the european
logboat","type":"article-journal","volume":"39/40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05c557c6-a144-42eb-a709-fc30887b5ae5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997; Lanting, 1997)","manualFormatting":"(Gregory,
1997:23-24; Lanting, 1997)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997; Lanting, 1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997; Lanting,
1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Gregory,
1997:23-24; Lanting, 1997)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">, fulfilling important economic and social functions in a
range of applications, including transportation, fishing, and warfare. With wood
types and dates known for hundreds of archaeologically-recorded logboats </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanting","given":"J.
N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Palaeohistoria","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"627-650","title":"Dates
for origin and diffusion of the european
logboat","type":"article-journal","volume":"39/40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05c557c6-a144-42eb-a709-fc30887b5ae5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)","manualFormatting":"(Lanting,
1997-1998)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Lanting,
1997-1998)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">, an analysis of the choice
of wood used in their construction might prove revealing of “lost worlds.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Style1" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Figure 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3_1LYiQmjog/XeoyPqQ_F6I/AAAAAAAA9Ik/zYYIXB6qGh8BQl2y2IMHyamWZV_5b794ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Discovery_of_logboat_in_Brigg_in_1886.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Discovery of the Brigg logboat. " border="0" data-original-height="740" data-original-width="1156" height="255" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3_1LYiQmjog/XeoyPqQ_F6I/AAAAAAAA9Ik/zYYIXB6qGh8BQl2y2IMHyamWZV_5b794ACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Discovery_of_logboat_in_Brigg_in_1886.jpg" title="Discovery of the Brigg logboat. " width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><i><span lang="EN-US">Discovery of the Brigg logboat. At 14.78 metres long and an estimated 2,809 kg </span></i><span lang="EN-US">(McGrail, 1978a:171)</span><i><span lang="EN-US">, it was the largest logboat in the archaeology of Britain and Ireland.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">(image: <i>Illustrated London News</i>, 1886. Click any image to enlarge.)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Although
dozens – perhaps hundreds – of additional European finds have been made in the
more than two decades since Lanting’s summary and analysis of logboat dates
(1997), I have not updated his list, believing that the patterns he identified
are unlikely to change significantly by the addition of the new data. Likewise,
patterns present in the summary works of McGrail (1978a, 1978b, for England and
Wales), Mowat </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mowat","given":"Robert
J. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"The
Logboats of
Scotland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eb702ad1-1519-47cd-911f-f6a6b4f9b744"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)","manualFormatting":"(1996, for Scotland)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(1996,
for Scotland)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">, Gregory (1997, for Ireland
and Scotland), and Fry </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fry","given":"Malcolm","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"publisher":"Greystone
Press","publisher-place":"Antrim","title":"Coití:
Logboats from Northern
Ireland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=30e1570e-e7e5-4245-9343-25f84246240a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fry,
2000)","manualFormatting":"(2000, for Northern
Ireland)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fry,
2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fry,
2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(2000,
for Northern Ireland)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> are assumed to remain
substantially unchanged and no attempt has been made to gather new data
specific to Britain and Ireland, other than by reference to Lanting (1997-1998).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Preponderance of
Oak<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wood
types identified in archaeological logboats in Britain and Ireland are summarized
in Table 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Table 1<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Archaeological
Logboats by Wood Genus, Britain and Ireland<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 427px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.9pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">England and Wales<sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.4pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Scotland<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.85pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ireland<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Total<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">#<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">#<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">#<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">#<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">%<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">76<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">96<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">58<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">92<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">168<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">98<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">302<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">96.5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.9<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Elm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ash<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alder<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2<sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1.1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.95pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Poplar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 30.8pt;" valign="top" width="41"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.95pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.45pt;" valign="top" width="30"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.95pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.6pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<sup>4</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 24.25pt;" valign="top" width="32"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">0.6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.3pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.3</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">1</span></sup><span lang="EN-US"> McGrail, 1978a:309<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">2</span></sup><span lang="EN-US"> Gregory, 1997:162<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><sup><span lang="EN-US">3</span></sup><span lang="EN-US"> Gregory, 1997:162<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span></span></sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Lanting, 1997-1998-1998:628/table 1 </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Non-oak
boats that have been reliably dated are shown in Table 2. Where a range of
dates was available, the mean is shown.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Table 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dated
Archaeological British and Irish Logboats by Wood Genus (non-oak only)<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Location<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Date
BP<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wood
type<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ireland<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Carrigdirty,
Co. Limerick<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5820±40<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">poplar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Derrybrusk
1<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2876±34<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">alder<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Derrybrusk
2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2912±38<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">alder<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Britain<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Giggleswick
Tarn<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">650±30<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ash<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Warrington
11<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.35pt;" valign="top" width="134"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">950±90<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">elm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: -webkit-center;">(Lanting, 1997-1998-1998)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
preponderance of oak in the record is striking and calls for investigation. Was
oak simply the best choice, everywhere and always?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">According
to McGrail (1978a:117),
the “ideal tree” for the construction of a basic logboat has the following characteristics:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">“Long
straight bole of substantial girth and little taper, with straight grain and no
recent branches low down.”</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">durable,
resistant to rot, easy to work, strong, lightweight</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">located
where it can be easily and safely felled and readily moved to a water-course</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">McGrail goes on to state, “Of the species of
timber available during the past 6000 years in north-west Europe, forest-grown
oak (<u style="font-size: 12pt;">Quercus</u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> sp) appears to be the nearest to the ideal for logboat
hulls” (1978a:117). This statement is subject to amendment, as will be seen
below. For the moment, it is sufficient to observe that it would be remarkable
if the “ideal tree” for more than 90 percent of logboat builders throughout Britain
and Ireland had been of a single genus, readily available over the course of
nearly 6,000 years and always growing in a convenient location for felling and
easy transfer to the desired watercourse.</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Five possible explanations might account for
the preponderance of oak:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">With few exceptions, oak was the only
suitable timber available for logboat building.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Oak is
represented disproportionately </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">because
other woods decay more rapidly out of the archaeological record.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oak is represented disproportionately for
reasons other than decay resistance – for example, because of the fortuitous
nature of many logboat discoveries.</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oak is functionally superior to other timbers
to such a degree that it was the only logical choice.</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oak was preferred for reasons other than functional
ones – i.e., wood choice was influenced by ideological considerations.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Timber Availability<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the
“fully developed wildwood” of 5500-3100 BC, six different forest communities
were present in British Isles:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pinewoods:
central Scottish Highlands, localized in Lake District and Fens, certain
mountains in Ireland</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Birchwoods:
Scottish Highlands, other Irish mountains, locally in southern Scotland, Lake
District, Wales, southwest England</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hazel and
elm woods: most of Ireland, locally in Wales and southwest England</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oak and
hazel woods: western Ireland “and the rest of the Highland Zone of Great
Britain.” A variant of this community in northern England included ash.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lime: predominant
across lowland England and north to Lancashire. The second-most common tree in
limewoods was variously oak, hazel, or ash.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Alder:
Throughout Britain but rare in Scottish Highlands, western Ireland and southwest
England </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">(Rackham, 1980:99, 1995:28-32)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><br />
<!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Beginning
in the Neolithic, forests throughout Britain and Ireland were cleared for
agriculture and swine forage (Rackham, 1995:33-34). Forestry practices to
ensure a consistent supply of “wood” (i.e., small stuff suitable for building
hurdles and making charcoal, for example, as opposed to “timber” for heavy
construction) – were “widespread and ancient by the time of the Domesday Book
(1086)” in England (Rackham, 1980:3), although this practice of “woodmanship” did
not become common in Scotland until perhaps the 16<sup>th</sup> century
(Rackham, 1980:6). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After 1251, oak was “(b)y
far the commonest timber tree in nearly all kinds of woodland” (Rackham,
1980:145). It is important to note the qualifier “timber” in this statement. Starting
in the Neolithic, many trees that were not valued as timber were coppiced to
produce a steady supply of “wood” and constituted major components of many
woodlands (Rackham, 1995:38, <i>passim</i>).
Had they been valued for construction purposes, trees such as alder and poplar could
have been allowed to grow to timber.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Little oak grew in the Scottish Highlands,
but Scots pine was among the major forest communities there </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mowat","given":"Robert
J. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"The
Logboats of
Scotland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eb702ad1-1519-47cd-911f-f6a6b4f9b744"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rackham","given":"Oliver","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]},"publisher":"Edward
Arnold","publisher-place":"London","title":"Ancient
Woodland: its history, vegetation and uses in
England","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b0941445-0831-4238-8c71-a416efc6072a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rackham,
1980; Mowat, 1996)","manualFormatting":"(Rackham, 1980;
Mowat, 1996:6, 114-115,
129)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rackham, 1980; Mowat,
1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rackham, 1980;
Mowat,
1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Rackham, 1980; Mowat,
1996:6, 114-115, 129)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Gregory states that oak was the only
readily available, suitable tree for logboats in Ireland (1997:168-170), but this
ignores alder and poplar, both of which are native </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"https://treecouncil.ie/project/aspen/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019","1","8"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tree
Council of
Ireland","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Aspen
- Crann creathach (Populus tremula) - Treecouncil of
Ireland","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=489db738-74fa-3f68-bde8-e4de82ba31c4"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"URL":"https://treecouncil.ie/project/alder/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019","1","8"]]},"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tree
Council of
Ireland","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"Alder
- Fearnóg (Alnus glutinosa) - Treecouncil of
Ireland","type":"webpage"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=89065dc2-416e-30d7-928e-de185fbb5777"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Tree
Council of Ireland, no date b, no date
a)","manualFormatting":"(Tree Council of Ireland, no date
a, no date b)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Tree Council
of Ireland, no date b, no date a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Tree
Council of Ireland, no date b, no date
a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Tree Council of Ireland,
no date a, no date b)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. As in the case of Britain, alder, poplar,
and perhaps other genera might have been used, had they been managed for timber.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In summary, other tree types suitable for the
construction of logboats were available across much of Britain and Ireland
throughout the logboat era. Logboat builders’ material choice was not limited
to oak by lack of alternatives.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Differential Preservation<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Differential preservation was mooted as an explanation
for the preponderance of oak in the archaeological record in the first modern,
comprehensive study of logboats in the region. Writing of England and Wales,
McGrail stated, “allowance must be made for possible bias in the survey, due to
oak’s greater durability” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rogers","given":"Jason
S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sborník
prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské university, řada archaeologická.
(Proceedings of the Masaryk University Faculty of Arts, Archaeology
series)","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"171-202","publisher-place":"Brno,
Czech Republic","title":"Czech Logboats : Early inland
watercraft from Bohemia and Moravia","type":"paper-conference","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=241836fb-f959-4c9e-be11-151fbe69ddc1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Rogers,
2011)","manualFormatting":"(1978a:309. See also Rackham
1980:18; Rogers, 2011:196)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Rogers,
2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Rogers,
2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(1978a:309. See also Rackham
1980:18; Rogers, 2011:196)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Others have noted that several of the
earliest boats in the records of Europe and the British Isles are of non-oak
genera, concluding that these other woods would probably appear more frequently
in later finds had they been used </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Rogers","given":"Jason
S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Sborník
prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské university, řada archaeologická.
(Proceedings of the Masaryk University Faculty of Arts, Archaeology
series)","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"171-202","publisher-place":"Brno,
Czech Republic","title":"Czech Logboats : Early inland
watercraft from Bohemia and
Moravia","type":"paper-conference","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=241836fb-f959-4c9e-be11-151fbe69ddc1"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"publisher":"University
of Edinburgh","title":"A Comparative Study of Irish and
Scottish
Logboats","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab30f70d-3388-4daa-b0db-545af4196d3e"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanting","given":"J.
N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Palaeohistoria","id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"627-650","title":"Dates
for origin and diffusion of the european
logboat","type":"article-journal","volume":"39/40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05c557c6-a144-42eb-a709-fc30887b5ae5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997; Lanting, 1997; Rogers,
2011)","manualFormatting":"(Gregory, 1997:168, 171;
Lanting, 1997:631; Rogers,
2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gregory, 1997;
Lanting, 1997; Rogers, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997; Lanting, 1997; Rogers,
2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gregory, 1997:168, 171;
Lanting, 1997:631; Rogers, 2011)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Instead, the record shows not differential
preservation, but an evolution in wood choice. “The oldest logboats, from Pesse
(NL), Nandy l and 2 (Fr) and Noyen-sur-Seine (Fr) are made of pine. This is
certainly not a coincidence. Before 8000 BP, in northwestern Europe pine was
the only tree of sufficient length and diameter available for this purpose.
During the Later Mesolithic a clear preference existed for soft and easily
workable wood such as lime, alder and poplar/aspen” (Lanting, 1997-1998:645).
Oak becomes common in the record only with the arrival of the Neolithic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In summary: if the record is skewed toward
oak by its superior resistance to rot, any such effect is likely to be small. Given
the size of Lanting’s survey (considering more than 600 dated logboats), the
possibility that the record is skewed substantially by random factors of
discovery is also small. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Functional Considerations<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Oak is an excellent boatbuilding wood. It is
hard, strong, durable, and it does not absorb water readily </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Seán","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]},"note":"attachment
is only section on frame-vs-shell construction; poor quality page
photos","publisher":"Addison Wesley
Longman","publisher-place":"Harlow","title":"Ancient
Boats in North-West Europe: the archaology of water transport to AD
1500","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=352eb5c7-b9a9-425a-892d-1e78bc6a842e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boulton","given":"E.
H.
B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jay","given":"B.
Alwyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1944"]]},"publisher":"Adam
and Charles
Black","publisher-place":"London","title":"British
Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
Identification","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fdf8226-ed97-48ca-81c5-da3ae5a9953d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boulton
and Jay, 1944; McGrail, 1998)","manualFormatting":"(Boulton
and Jay, 1944:54; McGrail,
1998:26)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944; McGrail,
1998)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944; McGrail, 1998)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Boulton and Jay, 1944:54;
McGrail, 1998:26)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Forest-grown trees tend to be tall and
straight and without low branches so that, given sufficient time to build
girth, they produce boles highly suitable to logboat construction </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Seán","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]},"note":"attachment
is only section on frame-vs-shell construction; poor quality page photos","publisher":"Addison
Wesley
Longman","publisher-place":"Harlow","title":"Ancient
Boats in North-West Europe: the archaology of water transport to AD
1500","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=352eb5c7-b9a9-425a-892d-1e78bc6a842e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1998)","manualFormatting":"(McGrail,
1998:26)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1998)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1998)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McGrail, 1998:26)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. According to Rogers, “In comparison with
other species, oak has an ideal combination of size, grain, strength,
workability and durability for building logboats” (2011:196).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">This overstates the case. Workability varies
considerably from tree to tree </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boulton","given":"E.
H. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jay","given":"B.
Alwyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1944"]]},"publisher":"Adam
and Charles Black","publisher-place":"London","title":"British
Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
Identification","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fdf8226-ed97-48ca-81c5-da3ae5a9953d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boulton
and Jay, 1944)","manualFormatting":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944:55)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Boulton and Jay, 1944:55)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and oak logboats can be carved with hand
tools only while the wood is green, as seasoned oak is too tough </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"publisher":"University
of Edinburgh","title":"A Comparative Study of Irish and
Scottish
Logboats","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab30f70d-3388-4daa-b0db-545af4196d3e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997)","manualFormatting":"(Gregory,
1997:60-61)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gregory, 1997:60-61)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Fresh oak will not burn (Gregory, 1997:65,
71; but see </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arnold","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Archéologie
neuchâteloise","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"page":"65–77","title":"Archéologie
expérimentale: la pirogue néolithique expansée Paris-Bercy 6 et les arts du
feu","type":"article-journal","volume":"34"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1f7c7d86-9e80-43e8-a075-936eb0e83d68"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Arnold,
2006)","manualFormatting":"Arnold,
2006","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Arnold,
2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Arnold,
2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Arnold, 2006</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, cited by Rogers, 2011:196, for possible
exceptions), precluding the use of fire as a transformative tool.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Oak’s reputation for workability is, in fact,
so dependent upon the availability of metal tools that it was formerly believed
that oak logboats could not be built with stone tools </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Godwin","given":"Harry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Deacon","given":"Joy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The
British Oak: Its History and Natural History (B.S.B.I. Conference Reports
14)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morris","given":"M.
G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Perring","given":"F.
H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]},"page":"51-61","publisher":"E.
W. Classey, Ltd. for The Botanical Society of the British
Isles","publisher-place":"Faringdon, Berkshire,
UK","title":"Flandrian History of Oak in the British
Isles","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=21f3cd9c-ebce-4317-a6dd-b4345e533321"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Godwin
and Deacon, 1974)","manualFormatting":"(Rogers, 2011:196.
See also Godwin and Deacon, 1974:60-61)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Godwin
and Deacon, 1974)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Godwin
and Deacon,
1974)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Rogers, 2011:196. See
also Godwin and Deacon, 1974:60-61)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Only late in the 20<sup>th</sup> century
were oak logboats dating to the Neolithic discovered (Rogers, 2011:196), strongly
suggesting that the polished stone axe is the minimum technology needed for
their production. Even so, the number of oak logboat finds in Britain and
Ireland increases dramatically with the Bronze Age </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanting","given":"J.
N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Palaeohistoria","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"627-650","title":"Dates
for origin and diffusion of the european
logboat","type":"article-journal","volume":"39/40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05c557c6-a144-42eb-a709-fc30887b5ae5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)","manualFormatting":"(Lanting,
1997-1998)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Lanting, 1997-1998)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, suggesting that processing with even the
best stone tools remained difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The shift toward oak in the Neolithic was “probably
connected with a preference for longlasting wood” (Lanting, 1997-1998:645). Oak
is extremely durable and rot-resistant </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boulton","given":"E.
H. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jay","given":"B.
Alwyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1944"]]},"publisher":"Adam
and Charles Black","publisher-place":"London","title":"British
Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
Identification","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fdf8226-ed97-48ca-81c5-da3ae5a9953d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boulton
and Jay, 1944)","manualFormatting":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944:54)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Boulton and Jay, 1944:54)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, but so, too, are some other woods. Alder is
notably rot-resistant in wet environments, and Scots pine is also moderately
durable </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boulton","given":"E.
H. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jay","given":"B.
Alwyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1944"]]},"publisher":"Adam
and Charles
Black","publisher-place":"London","title":"British
Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
Identification","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fdf8226-ed97-48ca-81c5-da3ae5a9953d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boulton
and Jay, 1944)","manualFormatting":"(Boulton and Jay, 1944:
37-38, 90)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Boulton and Jay, 1944: 37-38,
90)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">While durability is a desirable quality, it
may come at an associated cost. Less durable timber may be more economical
overall if it costs less to purchase and can be worked more quickly into a
finished boat. Using published case histories </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Describes
the construction by Marine Archaeological Surveys (MAS) of a replica of the
Clapton, Hackney, logboat. A suitable oak, retrieved from the October 1987
storm, was worked with tools of late Saxon type, recording each stage. The
unskilled team took about 300 hours. The boat holds four adults in still water;
handling trials are planned and other work of MAS, eg., on locating wrecks, is
outlined.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goodburn","given":"Damian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Redknap","given":"Mark","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The
London archaeologist","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"11","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"page":"7-10,19-22","title":"Replicas
and wrecks from the Thames area.","type":"article-journal","volume":"6"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=3baacd47-a708-4665-806f-41f241add6a8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Goodburn
and Redknap, 1988; Gilmore, Eshbaugh and Greenberg,
2002)","manualFormatting":"(Goodburn and Redknap,
1988:19-20; Gilmore, et al,
2002:20-25)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Goodburn and
Redknap, 1988; Gilmore, Eshbaugh and Greenberg,
2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Goodburn and
Redknap, 1988; Gilmore, Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Goodburn and Redknap,
1988:19-20; Gilmore, <i>et al</i>, 2002:20-25)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, the author has compared the time required
to build logboats in oak and a softer species. The unpublished results indicate
that softer woods can be converted into finished logboats with less labour – a
conclusion supported by common sense.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The importance of oak’s proverbial strength
is also questionable. A logboat is a monocoque structure with a great deal of
inherent strength, and it is not clear that small logboats built of woods of
lesser strength would be more prone to breakage in use. Splitting, not shear
failure, appears to be the most common form of breakage, as many archaeological
oak logboats exhibit repairs made to splits that occurred while the boats
remained in use </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Sean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1978"]]},"publisher":"BAR
British Series 51(ii), National Maritime Museum","publisher-place":"Greenwich","title":"Logboats
of England and Wales with comparative material from European and other
countries, Vol.
2","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9f404c0c-ce22-4d3c-9b42-4fa4ffda0b0d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mowat","given":"Robert
J.
C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"The
Logboats of
Scotland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eb702ad1-1519-47cd-911f-f6a6b4f9b744"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"publisher":"University
of Edinburgh","title":"A Comparative Study of Irish and Scottish
Logboats","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab30f70d-3388-4daa-b0db-545af4196d3e"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fry","given":"Malcolm","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]},"publisher":"Greystone
Press","publisher-place":"Antrim","title":"Coití:
Logboats from Northern
Ireland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=30e1570e-e7e5-4245-9343-25f84246240a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1978b; Mowat, 1996; Gregory, 1997; Fry,
2000)","manualFormatting":"(McGrail, 1978a, 1978b; Mowat,
1996; Gregory, 1997; Fry,
2000)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrail, 1978b;
Mowat, 1996; Gregory, 1997; Fry, 2000)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1978b; Mowat, 1996; Gregory, 1997; Fry,
2000)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McGrail, 1978a, 1978b;
Mowat, 1996; Gregory, 1997; Fry, 2000)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (<i>Figure
2</i>). Oak is “very prone to split and check”
(Boulton and Jay, 1944:55). Alder, lime, poplar, and Scots pine are all
less prone to splitting </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boulton","given":"E.
H. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jay","given":"B.
Alwyn","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1944"]]},"publisher":"Adam
and Charles Black","publisher-place":"London","title":"British
Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
Identification","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0fdf8226-ed97-48ca-81c5-da3ae5a9953d"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Boulton
and Jay, 1944)","manualFormatting":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944:37, 52, 59, and
89)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Boulton and Jay, 1944:37,
52, 59, and 89)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Neither alder nor lime are strong woods;
but poplar is “fairly strong for its weight,” and Scots pine, while variable,
can be notably strong (Boulton and Jay, 1944:37,
52, 59, 89). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Figure 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gzptuSe4LYg/XeoyzBU_nFI/AAAAAAAA9Is/rczIJ7ZWqPMuEWl9XSk0djAxakFJpXRBgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ballimphort.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The logboat from Ballinphort, Ireland" border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="984" height="228" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gzptuSe4LYg/XeoyzBU_nFI/AAAAAAAA9Is/rczIJ7ZWqPMuEWl9XSk0djAxakFJpXRBgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Ballimphort.PNG" title="The logboat from Ballinphort, Ireland" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The logboat from Ballinphort, Ireland, had repaired cracks in the bottom and port side. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(image: Gregory, 1997:280/fig.4)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Oak’s weight is another liability. A boat of
lime, a less dense and therefore more buoyant wood</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boulton","given":"E.
H. B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jay","given":"B.
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and Charles Black","publisher-place":"London","title":"British
Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
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and Jay, 1944)","manualFormatting":" (~35 lb./cu.ft. vs.
~45 lb./cu.ft., Boulton and Jay, 1944:52,
54)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Boulton and Jay,
1944)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (~35 lb./cu.ft. vs. ~45
lb./cu.ft., Boulton and Jay, 1944:52, 54)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, would have higher freeboard and greater
loading capacity than an equivalent one of oak. With identical loads, the lime
boat would be lighter and thus easier to maneuver (Gregory, 1997:166) both on
and off the water.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Location<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The final functional consideration in the
selection of logboat timber is its location (McGrail, 1978a:117). Obviously,
this is related to the previous discussion of availability within the surrounding
environment. Here, however, I will discuss location in terms of its
implications for the builder.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">By the late Bronze Age, Britain had undergone
significant deforestation </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooke","given":"Della","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Boydell Press","publisher-place":"Woodbridge,
Suffolk","title":"Trees in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature,
Lore and Landscape","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e531c6d5-bd99-41c6-bd5a-af243bbb6157"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010)","manualFormatting":"(Hooke,
2010:113-121)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Hooke, 2010:113-121)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. This, combined with oak’s natural rarity in
some regions, must have made it even more difficult of access and costly. The smaller
average size of Scottish than English logboats </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mowat","given":"Robert
J. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"The
Logboats of
Scotland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eb702ad1-1519-47cd-911f-f6a6b4f9b744"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)","manualFormatting":"(Mowat,
1996:125)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Mowat, 1996:125)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> and the occasional use of washstrakes to
increase their freeboard </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mowat","given":"Robert
J. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"The
Logboats of
Scotland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=eb702ad1-1519-47cd-911f-f6a6b4f9b744"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)","manualFormatting":"(Mowat, 1996:123)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Mowat,
1996)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Mowat, 1996:123)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a feature present on but a single English
example </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"086054026X","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Sean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1978"]]},"publisher":"BAR
British Series 51(i), National Maritime
Museum","publisher-place":"Greenwich","title":"Logboats
of England and Wales with comparative material from European and other
countries, Vol. 1","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe09bf0f-41e4-32cc-a568-339724d9b54f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1978a)","manualFormatting":"(McGrail,
1978a","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1978a)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1978a)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McGrail, 1978a</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">:313)) may reflect a shortage of timber of adequate
size.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In most situations of this nature,
woodworkers choose alternative timber. “Trees are more interchangeable than is
often supposed, and people adapt their carpentry to the trees at their disposal
rather than vice versa,” writes Rackham (1980:7). “Most of the work
traditionally done by oak, ash, elm, hazel, and beech in England is done in the
Alps by larch, spruce, and two species of pine and in north Norway by birch
alone.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Rackham was writing of wood use in general,
but the principle applies to logboats in particular. In the absence of oak,
other hardwoods and softwoods were used to build logboats in Scandinavia </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eskerod","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Artica","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1956"]]},"page":"57-87","publisher-place":"Helsenki","title":"Early
Nordic Arctic
Boats","type":"article-magazine"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5920b4e5-c785-4df7-b7e1-df35e4f4fe5e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Eskerod,
1956)","manualFormatting":"(Eskerod, 1956, cited in
Gregory, 1997:19; McGrail, 1978a:28-29)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Eskerod,
1956)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Eskerod,
1956)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Eskerod, 1956, cited in
Gregory, 1997:19; McGrail, 1978a:28-29)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. When their preferred tree species became
locally unavailable late in the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the Maijuna people in
the Peruvian Amazon adapted by using at least seven alternative species and going
so far as to change construction methods and boat design to make best use of the
new woods </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002)","manualFormatting":"(Gilmore
et al, 2002:13-18)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg,
2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore, Eshbaugh
and Greenberg, 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al</i>, 2002:13-18)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">In contrast, where oak was rare or absent in the
England, it was imported from other parts of the island (Rackham, 1980:164). “Man
uses all sorts and sizes of timber available, and will import them if they are
not available locally” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/03746600508685087","ISSN":"1359-4869","abstract":"The
paper explores whether any of the familar range of current oakwood structures
in the west of Scotland can be used as realistic analogues for the prehistoric
oakwoods. Even for the early historic oak woodlands we have no detailed
knowledge of previous structures and composition. The structure of today's oak
woodlands, and to some extent even the legacy of species within that habitat,
are a type of biocultural heritage. The oak woodlands that we see today are the
product of a long interaction: between man's use of the woodlands and the
ongoing natural processes within the oakwood ecosystem. Grazing animals,
especially domestic cattle and red deer, have played a key part in determining
oak woodland structure in historic times, and perhaps have a future role too.
Are there lessons to be drawn from knowledge of past management and regeneration
of oak which are relevant to the present day, when most managers are finding it
difficult to regenerate oak woodlands on any scale? Understanding past
utilisation and structure of oak woodlands is valuable mainly as a guide to
future management. Indeed one might ask which models and structures are
relevant for managing an oak woodland resource now regarded mainly as a
wildlife
habitat?","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Quelch","given":"P
R","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Botanical
Journal of
Scotland","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]},"page":"99-105","title":"Structure
and utilisation of the early
oakwoods","type":"article-journal","volume":"57"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=9b68464a-a5c1-3d21-8e87-57e7d864f922"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Quelch,
2005)","manualFormatting":"(Quelch,
2005:104)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Quelch,
2005)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Quelch,
2005)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Quelch, 2005:104)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. It is unclear oak was ever moved long
distances within Britain specifically for logboat construction, but this would
appear so at least in the case of the Scottish Highlands, where oak did not
grow. It is possible, however, that finished oak logboats, not oak timbers,
were imported to the Highlands.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is a surely coincidence that the
percentage of timber comprised by oak in ancient English buildings – 97%
(Rackham, 1980:145) – aligns so closely with the percentage of oak in the
logboat record of Britain and Ireland – 96.5%<b> </b>(see Table 1) – but the overwhelming dominance of oak in both
contexts is probably related. That builders of buildings and logboats in many
parts of Britain were apparently willing to incur the additional expense of
imported oak when other functionally suitable genera were available locally,
and that such a practice persisted for so long, suggests motivation of an
ideological nature.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oak’s Ideological Implications<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">An
abundance of tree- and wood-related symbolism, folklore, and religious
practices attest to the material’s widespread ideological significance
throughout European pre/history. Sacred groves and trees – entire species as
well as individual trees – appear in ancient Greek, Roman, Germanic, and Celtic
history and myth, and particularly in those of Britain and Ireland </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooke","given":"Della","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Boydell Press","publisher-place":"Woodbridge, Suffolk","title":"Trees
in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature, Lore and
Landscape","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e531c6d5-bd99-41c6-bd5a-af243bbb6157"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dowsett","given":"J.
Moreland","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1942"]]},"publisher":"The
Scientific Book
Club","publisher-place":"London","title":"The
Romance of England's Forests","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1177136c-8026-402d-be07-92dee70090cb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dowsett,
1942; Hooke, 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Dowsett, 1942:101;
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1942; Hooke, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Dowsett,
1942:101; Hooke, 2010:10-11)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Oak
was only one of the trees held sacred in Britain and Ireland, along with ash,
elder, whitethorn, hawthorn, hazel, and yew </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooke","given":"Della","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Boydell Press","publisher-place":"Woodbridge,
Suffolk","title":"Trees in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature,
Lore and Landscape","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e531c6d5-bd99-41c6-bd5a-af243bbb6157"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"Originqally
published 2003 by The Collins Press Accessed 04/12/2018 ProQuest Ebook Central,
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/soton-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1620188","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Coitr","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"Mac","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Collins Press. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [4 December
2018]","publisher-place":"Cork","title":"Irish
Trees: Myths, Legends &
Folklore","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=268231d5-88a1-4d72-9ca9-7b451238991c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010; Mac Coitr, 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Hooke,
2010:13-14, 98, 103-104, 244-245; Mac Coitr,
2010:8-11)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hooke, 2010; Mac
Coitr, 2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hooke, 2010;
Mac Coitr, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Hooke,
2010:13-14, 98, 103-104, 244-245; Mac Coitr, 2010:8-11)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. Oak was associated with qualities such as life,
strength, long or eternal life, kingship, and “the sacred,” but so were others </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Originqally
published 2003 by The Collins Press Accessed 04/12/2018 ProQuest Ebook Central,
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/soton-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1620188","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Coitr","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"Mac","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Collins Press. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [4 December
2018]","publisher-place":"Cork","title":"Irish
Trees: Myths, Legends &
Folklore","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=268231d5-88a1-4d72-9ca9-7b451238991c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mac
Coitr, 2010)","manualFormatting":"(Mac Coitr,
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2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Mac
Coitr, 2010:61-68)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. Of five great legendary
trees in Irish mythology, one was oak, one was yew, and three were ash </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooke","given":"Della","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Boydell Press","publisher-place":"Woodbridge,
Suffolk","title":"Trees in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature,
Lore and
Landscape","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e531c6d5-bd99-41c6-bd5a-af243bbb6157"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooke,
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2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Hooke,
2010:13)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='color:
black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">But in many respects, oak has played the starring
role in the sylvan culture of Britain, if somewhat less so in Ireland </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooke","given":"Della","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Boydell Press","publisher-place":"Woodbridge,
Suffolk","title":"Trees in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature,
Lore and
Landscape","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e531c6d5-bd99-41c6-bd5a-af243bbb6157"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010)","manualFormatting":"(Hooke,
2010:193-195)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hooke,
2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Hooke, 2010:193-195)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. It was used symbolically in much ritual
architecture, including timber circles (Hooke 2010:7-8), cathedrals </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hadfield","given":"Miles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The
British Oak: Its History and Natural History (B.S.B.I. Conference Reports
14)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morris","given":"M.
G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Perring","given":"F.
H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]},"page":"123-129","publisher":"E.
W. Classey, Ltd. for The Botanical Society of the British
Isles","publisher-place":"Faringdon, Berkshire,
UK","title":"The Oak and its
Legends","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b361b589-e5b8-4e99-baa6-b88d75c1a118"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hadfield,
1974)","manualFormatting":"(Hadfield, 1974:127)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hadfield,
1974)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hadfield,
1974)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Hadfield, 1974:127)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and in mortuary contexts </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Evans","given":"Christopher","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hodder","given":"Ian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]},"publisher":"McDonald
Institute for Archaeological Research","publisher-place":"Cambridge","title":"A
Woodland Archaeology: Neolithic sites at
Haddenham","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=0534b3a4-4ace-4940-952a-1080e3e019fd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Evans
and Hodder, 2006)","manualFormatting":"(e.g., Evans and Hodder,
2006:192)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Evans and Hodder,
2006)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Evans and Hodder,
2006)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(e.g., Evans and Hodder,
2006:192)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Oak is prominent in folklore, myth, lore, and
legend throughout British culture, examples including:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Celebrations featuring symbolic use of oak,
including Beltane and Samhain </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dowsett","given":"J.
Moreland","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1942"]]},"publisher":"The
Scientific Book
Club","publisher-place":"London","title":"The
Romance of England's
Forests","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1177136c-8026-402d-be07-92dee70090cb"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dowsett,
1942)","manualFormatting":"(Dowsett,
1942:99-100)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dowsett,
1942)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dowsett,
1942)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Dowsett, 1942:99-100)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> and the Yule log (Miles, 2013:82-83)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gospel oaks (Miles, 2013:83-84)</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a wide range of “sayings and beliefs,” for
example, “Great oaks from little acorns grow.” (Miles, 2013:90-91, 110)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">thousands of place-names incorporating
variants of the word “oak” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hadfield","given":"Miles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The
British Oak: Its History and Natural History (B.S.B.I. Conference Reports
14)","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morris","given":"M.
G.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Perring","given":"F.
H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1974"]]},"page":"123-129","publisher":"E.
W. Classey, Ltd. for The Botanical Society of the British
Isles","publisher-place":"Faringdon, Berkshire, UK","title":"The
Oak and its
Legends","type":"paper-conference"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b361b589-e5b8-4e99-baa6-b88d75c1a118"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nelson","given":"Charles","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walsh","given":"W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]},"publisher":"Lilliput
Press","publisher-place":"Dublin","title":"Trees
of
Ireland","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e3607a10-9004-4a6f-94a5-273354ee7d53"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hooke","given":"Della","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"publisher":"The
Boydell Press","publisher-place":"Woodbridge,
Suffolk","title":"Trees in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature,
Lore and Landscape","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e531c6d5-bd99-41c6-bd5a-af243bbb6157"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hadfield,
1974; Nelson and Walsh, 1993; Hooke,
2010)","manualFormatting":"(Hadfield, 1974:174; Nelson and
Walsh, 1993, cited in Mac Coitr, 2010:21; Hooke, 2010:167, passim)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hadfield,
1974; Nelson and Walsh, 1993; Hooke,
2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hadfield, 1974;
Nelson and Walsh, 1993; Hooke,
2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Hadfield, 1974:174;
Nelson and Walsh, 1993, cited in Mac Coitr, 2010:21; Hooke, 2010:167, <i>passim</i>)</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the tale of Charles II hiding in an oak after
the Battle of Worcester, and the roughly 600 pubs named “Royal Oak” in
commemoration of the event, plus Royal Navy ships of that name, and Royal Oak
Day (Miles, 2013:85-87, 108-109) (<i>Figure 3</i>)</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">depictions of oak leaves on coins and on various
military medals and insignia (Miles, 2013:109)</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">dozens of named trees, famous for their size,
longevity, or role in history or legend (Miles, 2013)</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“Hearts of Oak” – the official quick-march of
the Royal Navy and a symbol of its sailors – and the patriotic symbolism
represented by the “wooden walls” of England’s largely oak-built sailing navy.</span></span> </li>
</ul>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Figure 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aMxruPi7t4M/XeozJScco2I/AAAAAAAA9I4/TD7oNP092EwyCFBAH5ZwUmoH9RaVYMyIQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Royaloak_20190108_0001.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt=""Royal Oak" signboards from pubs" border="0" data-original-height="969" data-original-width="1600" height="241" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aMxruPi7t4M/XeozJScco2I/AAAAAAAA9I4/TD7oNP092EwyCFBAH5ZwUmoH9RaVYMyIQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Royaloak_20190108_0001.png" title="Hundreds of “Royal Oak” establishments attest to the tree’s special role in Britain’s culture and collective psyche." width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hundreds of “Royal Oak” establishments attest to the tree’s special role in Britain’s culture and collective psyche. </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(image: Miles, 2013:108)</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></i></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Miles, cited above, is no scholar, but the
very existence of books like his and others’ about British oaks for a popular reading
audience is yet more evidence of the reverence in which the oak is held.</span><br />
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On
the other hand, oak was also used widely throughout pre/history for the most
mundane affordances, including causeways, livestock enclosures, charcoal,
tools, tanning, pig feed, barrel staves, and fish-smoking (Miles, 2013:14, 23).
On a superficial view, these mostly destructive or temporary applications
hardly appear to reflect reverence for the material.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">One must be cautious, though, of imposing a
contemporary worldview on the past. “Modern, Western perceptions of trees and
timber will differ from those (of the past)” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bintley","given":"Michael
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and Timber in the Anglo-Saxon World","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bintley","given":"Michael
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University
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2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Bintley and Shapland,
2013:5)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. The nature of the sacred residing in the archaeological
mundane is eloquently expressed by Mac Coitr:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US">“Taking an example unrelated to trees, the Plain (<i>sic</i>) Indians of North America regard the
buffalo as sacred, since it provides them with food from its meat, clothing and
shelter from its hide, and various implements from its bones. It is seen as a
gift from the Creator, imbued with supernatural powers, sacred because of its
many important practical uses, not despite them. In the same way the oak was
regarded as particularly favoured by the gods due to its many valuable attributes.
The distinction between the sacred and the practical, therefore, is a very
modern approach and it is inappropriate to project the distinction onto people
who would not have understood it” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"Originqally
published 2003 by The Collins Press Accessed 04/12/2018 ProQuest Ebook Central,
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Collins Press. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [4 December
2018]","publisher-place":"Cork","title":"Irish
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Folklore","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=268231d5-88a1-4d72-9ca9-7b451238991c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Mac
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(2010:5)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Among oaks’ several symbolic meanings are
strength, steadfastness, longevity, courage, dignity, abundance, and nobility </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
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&
Robinson","publisher-place":"London","title":"The
British Oak","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c90df355-8d21-4eac-b989-1424ed84b839"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"Originqally
published 2003 by The Collins Press Accessed 04/12/2018 ProQuest Ebook Central,
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Collins Press. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [4 December
2018]","publisher-place":"Cork","title":"Irish
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2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Hooke, 2010:104; Mac
Coitr, 2010:16-17; Miles, 2013:14)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. In various contexts, it has been associated
with Christianity, unredeemed paganism, fertility, and nature in general (Hooke,
2010:99-100). Most of these associations are positive, but they are also
diverse.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">“Problems
are encountered … when wood species are attributed so many powers, symbolic
meanings, and uses as status indicators that it would seem impossible to
unravel which precise or multiple motive induced the use of a certain wood.
This applies especially to the most common species of wood …” such as oak </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Therkorn","given":"L.
L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Brandt","given":"R.
W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pals","given":"J.
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Taylor","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings
of the Prehistoric
Society","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]},"page":"351-373","title":"An
Early Iron Age Farmstead: Site Q of the Assendelver Polders
Project","type":"article-journal","volume":"50"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=580cba6a-72c5-43c6-9cba-e736ec1568d0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Therkorn
<i>et al.</i>, 1984)","manualFormatting":"(Therkorn
et al., 1984:362)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Therkorn
et al., 1984)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Therkorn
<i>et al.</i>,
1984)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Therkorn
<i>et al.</i>, 1984:362)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Given
their likely priorities of strength and durability in logboats (separate from
the question of whether softer woods might be suitable in these regards), it
seems probable that logboat builders and owners were influenced by oak’s
symbolic strength and steadfastness. Beyond that, reliable conclusions about
the “meaning” of oak in logboats are probably not possible.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Historical Implications<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Influenced
by its symbolism, British and Irish logboat builders might have attributed to oak
greater functional superiority over other wood types than was warranted. This
might have caused them to overlook the affordances of other genera and may help
explain the disappearance of the logboat from the islands. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Logboats
disappeared from Scotland and Ireland sometime after the middle of the eighteenth
century – about the same time that Ireland became almost entirely deforested
and Scotland was denuded of deciduous trees, including oak (Gregory, 1997:56). While
this would inevitably have killed off the craft in Ireland, the Scots might
have, but did not, avail themselves of the remaining alternative of Scots pine.
Was this due to the belief that oak was the only suitable timber for logboats?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">The
situation south of Scotland is less clear. The latest scientifically dated
English logboat dates to 410 <u>+</u>60 BP </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lanting","given":"J.
N.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Palaeohistoria","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"627-650","title":"Dates
for origin and diffusion of the european
logboat","type":"article-journal","volume":"39/40"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=05c557c6-a144-42eb-a709-fc30887b5ae5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)","manualFormatting":"(Lanting, 1997-1998:629/table
2)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lanting,
1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Lanting,
1997-1998:629/table 2)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> – i.e., a century or two
earlier than the latest evidence for Ireland and Scotland. Although large areas
of England were deforested by this time, huge amounts of oak, much of it
imported, continued to be used in buildings and ship construction well into the
19<sup>th</sup> century </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Oster","given":"Russell","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"publisher":"Air
University","title":"Great Britain in the Age of Sail:
Scarce Resources, Ruthless Actions and
Consequences","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6e6f200b-c494-4b23-887b-150ca913494c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Oster,
2015)","manualFormatting":"(see, for example, Oster,
2015:3\u001e4 for Royal Navy timber consumption and
imports)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Oster,
2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Oster,
2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(see,
for example, Oster, 2015:3‑4 for Royal Navy timber consumption and imports)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. The end of logboat use in England therefore appears to
be unrelated to availability, although increased cost may have been an issue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Throughout
Britain and Ireland, the near-exclusive use of oak may have constrained not
only logboat size, but also boat designs and construction techniques. Softer
timbers, including poplar and some pines, can be used to build expanded
logboats. Wider than an unexpanded boat built from the same log, an expanded
logboat is more stable, and thus better suited to certain uses </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Seán","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]},"note":"attachment
is only section on frame-vs-shell construction; poor quality page
photos","publisher":"Addison Wesley Longman","publisher-place":"Harlow","title":"Ancient
Boats in North-West Europe: the archaology of water transport to AD
1500","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=352eb5c7-b9a9-425a-892d-1e78bc6a842e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1998)","manualFormatting":"(McGrail,
1998:66-70)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1998)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrail,
1998)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(McGrail,
1998:66-70)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. Although expansion
results in lower freeboard, this can be overcome by the addition of washstrakes
(<i>Figure 4</i>). A simple “dugout” can
thus become the basis for a larger and more capable boat, and expanded-extended
logboats are known from many cultures </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnstone","given":"Paul","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]},"publisher":"Harvard
University Press","publisher-place":"Cambridge,
Massachusetts","title":"The Sea-Craft of Prehistory","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a57eb043-b100-4e0c-bee8-cd2e3fdde738"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnstone,
1980)","manualFormatting":"(Johnstone,
1980:47-51)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Johnstone,
1980)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Johnstone,
1980)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Johnstone,
1980:47-51)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">. The British commitment to
oak, which is generally thought not to be expandable, foreclosed this line of development. (See, however, Black, <i>ND</i>.) Likewise,
because green oak does not burn, British logboat builders never had the luxury
of using fire as a tool to make hollowing the log easier </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gregory","given":"Niall","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"publisher":"University
of Edinburgh","title":"A Comparative Study of Irish and Scottish
Logboats","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=ab30f70d-3388-4daa-b0db-545af4196d3e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997)","manualFormatting":"(Gregory,
1997:258)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gregory,
1997)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(Gregory,
1997:258)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">.<b> </b>Whether these<b> </b>affordances
of other woods would have been explored in Britain in the absence of a near-exclusive
commitment to oak is, of course, unknowable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="Style1" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Figure 4<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xKbsG_DF9-g/XeozihrC1pI/AAAAAAAA9JA/1NLKz_2edNkQxB83sAWWLU4FJaVEGxfVQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/aspen_20190108_0003.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1140" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xKbsG_DF9-g/XeozihrC1pI/AAAAAAAA9JA/1NLKz_2edNkQxB83sAWWLU4FJaVEGxfVQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/aspen_20190108_0003.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-76wgG_ZfscI/Xeozl1x8bdI/AAAAAAAA9JE/TVmFqvIzsSQrK7vIrxFBcjJKnHXErIEIACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/aspen_20190108_0002.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="812" data-original-width="838" height="387" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-76wgG_ZfscI/Xeozl1x8bdI/AAAAAAAA9JE/TVmFqvIzsSQrK7vIrxFBcjJKnHXErIEIACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/aspen_20190108_0002.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IIQYa0dfTq0/XeozqEvHi9I/AAAAAAAA9JI/jQAGYNpvo5w1luhFnHizSXgNXTApi69NwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/aspen_20190108_0004.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Top: carved but unexpanded. Center: expansion in process. Bottom: washstrakes being added" border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="1132" height="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IIQYa0dfTq0/XeozqEvHi9I/AAAAAAAA9JI/jQAGYNpvo5w1luhFnHizSXgNXTApi69NwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/aspen_20190108_0004.png" title="Stages in construction of an expanded-extended logboat." width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="Style1" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Stages in
construction of an expanded-extended logboat. Top: carved but unexpanded. Center:
expansion in process to increase beam. Bottom: washstrakes being added to raise freeboard.
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(images:
Johnstone, 1980:49-50/figures 5.5, 5.6, 5.7)</span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Summary and Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This
paper noted the predominance of oak in the logboat record of Britain and
Ireland and posited a variety of possible explanations. Lack of available timber
options, preferential preservation in the archaeological record, and oak’s superior
engineering characteristics were considered. These explanations were found to
be false or inadequate, leaving ideologically-based preference as the remaining
explanation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Trees
in general were shown to have profound spiritual implications throughout pre/history
and cross-culturally, and some of the symbolic qualities associated with oak
were discussed. It was suggested that the symbolic association between oak and
the qualities of strength and durability was a likely factor influencing its
preferred status in logboats.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Finally,
the implications for logboat design and construction were discussed, and it was
suggested that the near-exclusive commitment to oak in Britain and Ireland might
have limited the technological development of the logboat type and associated
construction methods.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"># # #<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="Style1">
<b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #38761d;">References cited<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="Style1">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography
CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Arnold, B. (2006) ‘Archéologie expérimentale: la pirogue
néolithique expansée Paris-Bercy 6 et les arts du feu’, <i>Archéologie
neuchâteloise</i>, 34, pp. 65–77.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Bintley,
M. D. and Shapland, M. G. (2013) ‘An Introduction to Trees and Timber in the
Anglo-Saxon World’, in Bintley, M. D. and Shapland, M. G. (eds) <i>Trees and
Timber in the Anglo-Saxon World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–18.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Black, L. W. (ND) 'Fieldwork Report: An Experimental Study on oak as a viable material for the manufacture of expanded log boats', Available at:</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/31030854/An_Experimental_Study_on_oak_as_a_viable_material_for_the_manufacture_of_expanded_log_boats" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">https://www.academia.edu/31030854/An_Experimental_Study_on_oak_as_a_viable_material_for_the_manufacture_of_expanded_log_boats</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Boulton,
E. H. B. and Jay, B. A. (1944) <i>British Timbers: Their Properties, Uses and
Identification</i>. London: Adam and Charles Black.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Mac
Coitr, N. (2010) <i>Irish Trees: Myths, Legends & Folklore</i>. Cork: The
Collins Press. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [4 December 2018].
Available at: <a href="https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/soton-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1620188">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/soton-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1620188</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Comey,
M. G. (2013) ‘The Wooden Drinking Vessels in the Sutton Hoo Assemblage:
Materials, Morphology, and Usage’, in Bintley, M. D. and Shapland, M. G. (eds) <i>Trees
and Timber in the Anglo-Saxon World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.
107–121.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Conneller,
C. (2011) ‘Introduction: Making Materials Matter’, in <i>An archaeology of
materials: substantial transformations in early prehistoric Europe</i>. London:
Routledge, pp. 1–23. doi: <a href="http://10.0.5.84/OE.26.027058">10.1364/OE.26.027058</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Dowsett,
J. M. (1942) <i>The Romance of England’s Forests</i>. London: The Scientific
Book Club.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Eskerod,
A. (1956) ‘Early Nordic Arctic Boats’, <i>Artica</i>, pp. 57–87.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Evans,
C. and Hodder, I. (2006) <i>A Woodland Archaeology: Neolithic sites at
Haddenham</i>. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Fry,
M. (2000) <i>Coití: Logboats from Northern Ireland</i>. Antrim: Greystone
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Gilmore,
M. P., Eshbaugh, W. H. and Greenberg, A. M. (2002) ‘The use, construction, and
importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon’, <i>Economic
Botany</i>. Springer-Verlag, 56(1), pp. 10–26. doi:
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2">10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Godwin,
H. and Deacon, J. (1974) ‘Flandrian History of Oak in the British Isles’, in
Morris, M. G. and Perring, F. H. (eds) <i>The British Oak: Its History and
Natural History (B.S.B.I. Conference Reports 14)</i>. Faringdon, Berkshire, UK:
E. W. Classey, Ltd. for The Botanical Society of the British Isles, pp. 51–61.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Goodburn,
D. and Redknap, M. (1988) ‘Replicas and wrecks from the Thames area.’, <i>The
London archaeologist</i>, 6(11), pp. 7-10,19-22.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Gregory,
N. (1997) <i>A Comparative Study of Irish and Scottish Logboats</i>. University
of Edinburgh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Hadfield,
M. (1974) ‘The Oak and its Legends’, in Morris, M. G. and Perring, F. H. (eds) <i>The
British Oak: Its History and Natural History (B.S.B.I. Conference Reports 14)</i>.
Faringdon, Berkshire, UK: E. W. Classey, Ltd. for The Botanical Society of the
British Isles, pp. 123–129.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Hooke,
D. (2010) <i>Trees in Anglo-Saxon England: Literature, Lore and Landscape</i>.
Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Hurcombe,
L. M. (2014) <i>Perishable Material Culture in Prehistory: Investigating the
Missing Majority</i>. London and New York: Routledge.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Illustrated
London News</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (1886) ‘Discovery of logboat in
Brigg in 1886’. Available at: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Discovery_of_logboat_in_Brigg_in_1886.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Discovery_of_logboat_in_Brigg_in_1886.jpg</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Johnstone,
P. (1980) <i>The Sea-Craft of Prehistory</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Lanting,
J. N. (1997) ‘Dates for origin and diffusion of the european logboat’, <i>Palaeohistoria</i>,
39/40, pp. 627–650. Available at:
<a href="https://ugp.rug.nl/Palaeohistoria/article/view/25107/22563">https://ugp.rug.nl/Palaeohistoria/article/view/25107/22563</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">McGrail,
S. (1978a) <i>Logboats of England and Wales with comparative material from
European and other countries, Vol. 1</i>. Greenwich: BAR British Series 51(i),
National Maritime Museum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">McGrail,
S. (1978b) <i>Logboats of England and Wales with comparative material from
European and other countries, Vol. 2</i>. Greenwich: BAR British Series 51(ii),
National Maritime Museum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">McGrail,
S. (1998) <i>Ancient Boats in North-West Europe: the archaology of water
transport to AD 1500</i>. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Miles,
A. (2013) <i>The British Oak</i>. London: Constable & Robinson.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Mowat,
R. J. C. (1996) <i>The Logboats of Scotland</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Nelson,
C. and Walsh, W. (1993) <i>Trees of Ireland</i>. Dublin: Lilliput Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Oster,
R. (2015) <i>Great Britain in the Age of Sail: Scarce Resources, Ruthless
Actions and Consequences</i>. Air University. Available at:
<a href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1012795.pdf">http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1012795.pdf</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Quelch,
P. R. (2005) ‘Structure and utilisation of the early oakwoods’, <i>Botanical
Journal of Scotland</i>, 57(1–2), pp. 99–105. doi: <a href="http://10.0.4.56/03746600508685087">10.1080/03746600508685087</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Rackham,
O. (1980) <i>Ancient Woodland: its history, vegetation and uses in England</i>.
London: Edward Arnold.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Rackham,
O. (1995) <i>Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape</i>. Revised Ed.
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Rogers,
J. S. (2011) ‘Czech Logboats : Early inland watercraft from Bohemia and
Moravia’, in <i>Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské university, řada
archaeologická. (Proceedings of the Masaryk University Faculty of Arts,
Archaeology series)</i>. Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 171–202.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Therkorn,
L. L. <i>et al.</i> (1984) ‘An Early Iron Age Farmstead: Site Q of the
Assendelver Polders Project’, <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society</i>,
50, pp. 351–373.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Tree
Council of Ireland (no date a) <i>Alder - Fearnóg (Alnus glutinosa)</i>. Available at: <a href="https://treecouncil.ie/project/alder/">https://treecouncil.ie/project/alder/</a>
(Accessed: 8 January 2019).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tree
Council of Ireland (no date b) </span><i style="color: #38761d; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aspen - Crann creathach (Populus tremula)</i><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Available at: </span><a href="https://treecouncil.ie/project/aspen/" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://treecouncil.ie/project/aspen/</a><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
(Accessed: 8 January 2019).</span></div>
</div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-42701732187284671522019-10-30T03:46:00.000-07:002019-10-31T03:15:19.177-07:00The Survival of the Log Canoe<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Persistence of Logboats in Latin America: a framework to assess prospects of survival</span></span></b><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">(This essay is slightly modified from one written for a course in the maritime aspects of culture at University of Southampton.)</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Vernacular watercraft are disappearing from many
parts of the world </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blue","given":"Lucy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Boats,
Ships and Shipyards: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Boat
and Ship Archaeology, Venice
2000","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beltrame","given":"Carlo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"page":"334-338","publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"Maritime
Ethnography: The Reality of
Analogy","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a9899b64-ce65-4d4f-aeb3-754e4371aa91"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00266.x","ISBN":"10572414\\r10959270","ISSN":"10572414","abstract":"This
paper addresses the material boat culture of Vietnam both in its current
context and more specifically through an assessment of how the boats of Vietnam
have been studied in the past. It presents a comprehensive summary of past
publications describing the construction, use and variety of boats in the
region, from the earliest volumes to modern research projects, including the
work of the US military. It highlights the rich diversity of construction
approaches and boat-types that are still built and used, and demonstrates the
need for further field research to record the fast-disappearing traditional
boats of Vietnam.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pham","given":"Charlotte","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blue","given":"Lucy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Palmer","given":"Colin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International
Journal of Nautical
Archaeology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"258-277","title":"The
traditional boats of Vietnam, an overview","type":"article-journal","volume":"39"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=a3296667-2678-44d2-886f-17e5f34fea1d"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/02666030.2001.9628602","ISSN":"21532699","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGrail","given":"Sean","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"South
Asian Studies","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]},"page":"209-211","title":"The
“Boats of South Asia” Project","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=cd032ca6-0811-4140-8bf2-ca837a7e8229"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McGrail,
2001; Blue, 2003; Pham, Blue and Palmer,
2010)","manualFormatting":"(McGrail, 2001:201, 211; Blue,
2003:334; Pham et al.,
2010:274)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McGrail, 2001;
Blue, 2003; Pham, Blue and Palmer,
2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McGrail, 2001; Blue,
2003; Pham, Blue and Palmer, 2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McGrail, 2001:201, 211;
Blue, 2003:334; Pham <i>et al.</i>, 2010:274)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, under pressure from a variety of forces often
related to modernization. As vernacular boats represent living parts of the
world’s maritime heritage and may, through the practice of ethnoarchaeology,
offer insights into maritime archaeology <i>per
se</i>, it is important to document as many of them and their uses as possible
while they remain (Figure 1). With an unknown but large number of boat
types at risk, a method by which to assess the level of threat in each instance
would be useful, so that documentation efforts might be prioritized. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xXC06bHkANQ/XbllajbX2uI/AAAAAAAA8Rs/IrWGbDsBHUgHqwoh68j5Gkgfa9sxY9oKQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/McGrail%2B2001.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Measuring a logboat (McGrail, 2001:209)" border="0" data-original-height="424" data-original-width="597" height="283" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xXC06bHkANQ/XbllajbX2uI/AAAAAAAA8Rs/IrWGbDsBHUgHqwoh68j5Gkgfa9sxY9oKQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/McGrail%2B2001.PNG" title="Measuring a logboat (McGrail, 2001:209)" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Figure 1: Documenting a boat type threatened with extinction. </span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McGrail, 2001:209)</span></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">This essay proposes a simple framework of supply-and-demand-based
factors to assess the survival prospects of traditional boat types. The essay examines
examples of logboat use in Latin America found in recent literature to test the
method’s utility, but the framework will accommodate all vernacular boat types
and locales.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Craft traditions<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">A boatbuilding craft
tradition embodies </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">“a system of ideas about what boats and ships are and
how they should be designed and constructed. This will impose constraints in
terms of design parameters on the practice of construction” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/00438240120048644","ISBN":"00438243","ISSN":"00438243","abstract":"So
often it is pots that are used to explore social interactions of the past. Yet
in so many cultures, ships and boats have acquired such a prominent symbolic
profile, it might be argued that they are even more potent carriers of meaning
than the pots they so often transported. This paper examines the factors that
give watercraft their archaeological potential and argues that we are only just
beginning to exploit them to the
full.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adams","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"World
archaeology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"292-310","title":"Ships
and boats as Archaeological Source
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Maritime Archaeology of Ships: Innovation and Social Change in Medieval and
Early Modern
Europe","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"Maritime
Material Culture","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=14c020b6-c1ac-4bdc-9032-665c24814bb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Adams,
2010, 2013)","manualFormatting":"(Adams, 2010:301,
2013:24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Adams, 2010,
2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Adams, 2010,
2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Adams, 2010:301, 2013:24)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. But, Adams notes, while traditions
exist to protect “best practice,” they are also capable of adapting in response
to outside influences. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As will be shown below, the construction of
logboats in Latin America occurs within craft traditions. Although these
traditions vary from one society to the next, common among them is the
conception of the boat as a tree that is felled and hollowed by one’s own labour
or with the assistance of others in the community, using hand tools. Changes
might occur in building methods over time (for example, the adoption of power
tools) without fundamentally impairing the tradition of producing boats of a
generally similar type by generally similar means. But at some level of change,
a tradition becomes defunct. For example, a boatbuilder who shifts from the one-off
production of logboats to the mass production of fiberglass hulls could not
maintain the same conception about how boats are designed and built.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Understanding how a logboat building tradition
responds to change is therefore central to assessing its prospects for
survival.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Supply and demand<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For a technology to persist in any society,
there must be a sufficient number of people who want or need it, and a
sufficient number of people willing and able to provide it. In other words,
supply and demand must both remain positive. In most cases, this involves monetary
payment or barter for goods or services of comparable value, although there are
instances in which logboats are exchanged on other terms – for example, through
a generalized practice of reciprocity (described below).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As noted by Lemmonier, “the rejection or
adoption of technological features” (1993:18) – in other words, demand for
technology in a given form – is not solely a matter of practical utility and
economics, but also involves issues of status, group identity, social
relations, and symbolism. Considering logboats, then, as a specific form of the
general technology of “small boats,” an analysis of demand, and of the forces
of supply that respond to it, requires that we look at a variety of factors,
some straightforwardly utilitarian or economic in nature, and others ideological.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Demand factors<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Although supply and demand are inextricably
intertwined, it is convenient to address them separately. This section explores
the positive and negative effects of various social and economic phenomena on
logboat demand. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Usage<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">In several locations where logboats traditionally
have been used as fishing craft, fewer individuals now fish for subsistence and
more fish commercially, using larger boats and boats that are otherwise better
suited to fishing with modern equipment </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest
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should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves
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equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
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fisheries contribute to economies and food security of most of the world's
rural-poor coastal communities but are poorly documented in national and
regional catch statistics. As a result, management of marine commons is
inherently biased towards short-term interests of industrial fleets, rather
than the long-term maintenance of coastal ecosystem health. Artisanal fishers'
knowledge can provide practical information for management, and when shared,
can help build trust between fishers and managers. However, until recently,
very few studies designed to support fisheries management have incorporated
fishers' knowledge. This study was designed to characterize the geography of
fishing in the Gulf of Honduras (GOH), shared by Belize, Guatemala, and
Honduras, from the perspective of artisanal fishers. Data were compiled from
semi-formal interviews with key informants, community meetings, mapping
exercises, workshops with fishers in the GOH during 1998-1999, and participant
observations through July 2011. Data were used to document fishery landings,
status and trends in marine resources, the spatial and the temporal dynamic
geography of fishing, and fishers' suggestions for improved conservation and
management. Many of these suggestions have been implemented in the GOH between
1999 and 2011. This study offers a practical methodology that can be used in
other artisanal, data-sparse fishing areas to document the geography of
fishing, increase the participation of fishers in management, and lead to
better participatory, ecosystem-based management. © 2012 Elsevier
B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyman","given":"William
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Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"129-148","publisher":"Elsevier
B.V.","title":"The voice of the fishermen of the Gulf of
Honduras: Improving regional fisheries management through fisher
participation","type":"article-journal","volume":"125-126"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dec189c2-d99c-4e8d-8b98-9f3ebd289e6e"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American Geographers","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
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of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
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culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
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Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012:139; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:192; Orofino et al.,
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2004; Heyman and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012; Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Orofino et
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:642;
Heyman and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012:139; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:192; Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2783-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, reducing demand for logboats. Decline in
demand has also been attributed to an overall drop in fishing effort </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
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types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2785)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">On the other hand, new niches occasionally arise
which can be exploited effectively with logboats. This was the case in Santa
Catarina, Brazil </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk diameters
needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights from 4 to
10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of fishing and
especially to the environment conditions. The construction of canoes in the
region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood, changes in fishing
activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship, all causes related
to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge of plant
species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest management. The
survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities should be
stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves maintaining
ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant resources
used to manufacture and maintain fishing equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2789)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and in Central America’s Mosquitia region </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
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{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent calls
by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement with
rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's canoe
trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between remote
rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:642)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, where logboats came into use as platforms
from which to dive for lobsters for an emergent export market.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Construction and materials<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Users may shift from logboats to other boat
types because they perceive advantages in other boatbuilding methods and materials,
notably plank-on-frame, glass-reinforced plastic (i.e., fiberglass), and metal </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk diameters
needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights from 4 to
10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of fishing and
especially to the environment conditions. The construction of canoes in the
region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood, changes in fishing
activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship, all causes related
to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge of plant
species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest management. The
survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities should be
stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves maintaining
ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant resources
used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane
Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how rural
producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of boom-time
trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney, 2004:642; Orofino et
al., 2017:2783, 2784-2786)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004; Orofino et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:642;
Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2783, 2784-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Although a full discussion of the performance
advantages and disadvantages of these methods/materials relative to logboats is
outside the scope of this essay, it is relevant that all three can be used to
build larger craft than is possible with logboats, and the latter two offer
superior durability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Some users, however, valorize logboats over
other materials because they are perceived as being safer, due to their
inherent buoyancy, and quieter when moving through the water, and so less
likely to scare away fish </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood, changes
in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship, all
causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge
of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest
management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities
should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves
maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant
resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane
Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and
Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and
fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Orofino
<i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(Orofino et al.,
2017:2784)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Orofino et al.,
2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Orofino <i>et
al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2784)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. The higher purchase price of other types of
boats, and the very fact that logboats are not durable in the tropics and so
require frequent replacement, also tend to support a steady market for logboats
in some areas </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
2004:641)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:641)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Economics<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Logboats can thrive where goods and services
are exchanged through nonfinancial transactions </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","manualFormatting":"(Gilmore et al., 2002:12; Fuquen
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2014:176-181)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore, Eshbaugh
and Greenberg, 2002; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al</i>., 2002:12; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:176-181)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. As boat users become more highly integrated
into a modern cash economy, however, they become more likely to purchase
ready-built boats of other materials </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fishres.2012.02.016","ISBN":"0165-7836","ISSN":"01657836","abstract":"Small-scale
fisheries contribute to economies and food security of most of the world's
rural-poor coastal communities but are poorly documented in national and
regional catch statistics. As a result, management of marine commons is
inherently biased towards short-term interests of industrial fleets, rather
than the long-term maintenance of coastal ecosystem health. Artisanal fishers'
knowledge can provide practical information for management, and when shared,
can help build trust between fishers and managers. However, until recently,
very few studies designed to support fisheries management have incorporated
fishers' knowledge. This study was designed to characterize the geography of
fishing in the Gulf of Honduras (GOH), shared by Belize, Guatemala, and
Honduras, from the perspective of artisanal fishers. Data were compiled from
semi-formal interviews with key informants, community meetings, mapping
exercises, workshops with fishers in the GOH during 1998-1999, and participant
observations through July 2011. Data were used to document fishery landings,
status and trends in marine resources, the spatial and the temporal dynamic geography
of fishing, and fishers' suggestions for improved conservation and management.
Many of these suggestions have been implemented in the GOH between 1999 and
2011. This study offers a practical methodology that can be used in other
artisanal, data-sparse fishing areas to document the geography of fishing,
increase the participation of fishers in management, and lead to better
participatory, ecosystem-based management. © 2012 Elsevier
B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyman","given":"William
D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Granados-Dieseldorff","given":"Pablo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Fisheries
Research","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"129-148","publisher":"Elsevier
B.V.","title":"The voice of the fishermen of the Gulf of
Honduras: Improving regional fisheries management through fisher
participation","type":"article-journal","volume":"125-126"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dec189c2-d99c-4e8d-8b98-9f3ebd289e6e"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Heyman
and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","manualFormatting":"(Heyman and
Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012:139; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:220)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Heyman
and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Heyman and
Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Heyman and
Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012:139; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:220)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. The reason for this preference is unclear
in some cases, as many logboat builders operate in a cash economy, and even
those who practice barter may also accept payment in cash </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fuquen
Gomez, 2014)","manualFormatting":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:173-174)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:173-174)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. In fact, market economics are central to
the practice of some logboat builders </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk diameters
needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights from 4 to
10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of fishing and
especially to the environment conditions. The construction of canoes in the
region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood, changes in fishing
activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship, all causes related
to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge of plant
species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest management. The
survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities should be
stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves maintaining
ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant resources
used to manufacture and maintain fishing equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane
Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and
Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and
fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004; Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez,
2014:176-177; Orofino et al.,
2017:2789)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney, 2004;
Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Orofino et al.,
2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney, 2004;
Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen
Gomez, 2014:176-177; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017:2789)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. It seems probable that fishers who are not
closely integrated in cash economies are more likely to fish for subsistence,
and logboats continue to suffice for their relatively small-scale needs. In
contrast, fishers who are more involved in modern cash economies may require
larger boats to compete effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">As lesser-developed societies become more
closely integrated within modern market economies, commercial credit becomes
available to some individuals, making possible the acquisition of larger boats
and thus depressing demand for logboats. However, owners of larger boats often find
their costs of operation unsupportable. In response, many downsize to logboats </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpol.2014.10.002","ISBN":"0308-597X","ISSN":"0308597X","abstract":"Small-scale
fishers in coastal areas of Brazil face numerous challenges, including
marginalization by large-scale industrial operations, poor market access, lack
of working capital, and pressure to diversify their livelihood base. From the
perspective of adaptive capacity, this investigation was carried out in three
communities in the municipality of Paraty (Rio de Janeiro State), and sought to
determine the main challenges facing local fishers, and fishers' current
adaptive and transformative actions against these challenges. Findings revealed
that the majority of fishers (55%) own mid-size diesel boats (6-9. m) and face
constant pressure to scale-up and diversify operations to take advantage of the
growing tourism sector. Such expansion requires financial capital. However, due
to fear of losing assets, inability to arrange a co-signer, and lack of
adequate collateral, many fishers are reluctant to obtain credit from
government-sponsored programs and seek credit elsewhere. Fishers with larger
boats are increasingly opting for tourism-related activities through informal
credit arrangements. However, of the smaller-scale fisher respondents some 27%
have opted to downsize their fishing operations through intrasectoral
adjustments. These actions reflect a general trend of aversion to financial
liability and vulnerability by way of flexibility, dynamism, and
diversification. It is recommended that access to credit should be made easier
for small-scale fishers to provide more options to diversify their livelihood
base but without exerting additional fishing pressure on already overfished
stocks.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Emdad
Haque","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Julián
Idrobo","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berkes","given":"Fikret","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Giesbrecht","given":"Dale","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Marine
Policy","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"401-407","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Small-scale
fishers' adaptations to change: The role of formal and informal credit in
Paraty, Brazil","type":"article-journal","volume":"51"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d5d11761-e781-4b3e-aa01-c8c9ffa19c3c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Emdad
Haque <i>et al.</i>,
2015)","manualFormatting":"(Emdad Haque et al.,
2015:405)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Emdad Haque et
al., 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Emdad Haque
<i>et al.</i>,
2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Emdad Haque <i>et al.</i>, 2015:405)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Meanwhile, individuals who do not have
access to commercial credit may rely upon informal credit arrangements with
family and friends. Such loans are typically for smaller amounts and tend to be
used to purchase logboats </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpol.2014.10.002","ISBN":"0308-597X","ISSN":"0308597X","abstract":"Small-scale
fishers in coastal areas of Brazil face numerous challenges, including
marginalization by large-scale industrial operations, poor market access, lack
of working capital, and pressure to diversify their livelihood base. From the
perspective of adaptive capacity, this investigation was carried out in three
communities in the municipality of Paraty (Rio de Janeiro State), and sought to
determine the main challenges facing local fishers, and fishers' current adaptive
and transformative actions against these challenges. Findings revealed that the
majority of fishers (55%) own mid-size diesel boats (6-9. m) and face constant
pressure to scale-up and diversify operations to take advantage of the growing
tourism sector. Such expansion requires financial capital. However, due to fear
of losing assets, inability to arrange a co-signer, and lack of adequate
collateral, many fishers are reluctant to obtain credit from
government-sponsored programs and seek credit elsewhere. Fishers with larger
boats are increasingly opting for tourism-related activities through informal
credit arrangements. However, of the smaller-scale fisher respondents some 27%
have opted to downsize their fishing operations through intrasectoral adjustments.
These actions reflect a general trend of aversion to financial liability and
vulnerability by way of flexibility, dynamism, and diversification. It is
recommended that access to credit should be made easier for small-scale fishers
to provide more options to diversify their livelihood base but without exerting
additional fishing pressure on already overfished
stocks.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Emdad
Haque","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Julián
Idrobo","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berkes","given":"Fikret","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Giesbrecht","given":"Dale","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Marine
Policy","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"401-407","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Small-scale
fishers' adaptations to change: The role of formal and informal credit in
Paraty,
Brazil","type":"article-journal","volume":"51"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d5d11761-e781-4b3e-aa01-c8c9ffa19c3c"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Emdad
Haque <i>et al.</i>,
2015)","manualFormatting":"(Emdad Haque et al.,
2015:405)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Emdad Haque et
al., 2015)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Emdad Haque
<i>et al.</i>,
2015)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Emdad Haque <i>et al.</i>, 2015:405)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Being less costly than other boat types, logboats
thus continue to provide utility by which poorer individuals can live by
fishing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Government policy<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Government regulations may influence demand
for logboats. In Santa Catarina, fishers previously stored their logboats in
boat houses to protect them from the sun. When new rules banned boat houses
from beaches, logboats became less practical and demand dropped off </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane
Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and
Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and
fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Orofino
<i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(Orofino et al., 2017:2784-2786,
table 2)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Orofino et al.,
2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Orofino <i>et
al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2784-2786, table 2)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, because the lack of sun protection
significantly shortened the boats’ lifespan. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Although I have found no other published
examples from Latin America, one could posit other common forms of government
policies that could (and likely do) influence logboat demand. For example, policies
that promote commercial fishing might result in reducing the fish stocks upon
which artisanal fishers depend, while policies that promote tourism might have
the effect of displacing them from the beaches where they operate. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the other hand, policies that protect artisanal
fishing or fish stocks or restrict coastal development could have the effect of
supporting demand for logboats.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Transportation infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Demand for logboats remains strong in many areas
that lack terrestrial transportation infrastructure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American Geographers","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002; McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","manualFormatting":"(Gilmore et al., 2002;
McSweeney, 2004:641; Fuquen Gomez,
2014:10)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore, Eshbaugh
and Greenberg, 2002; McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore, Eshbaugh
and Greenberg, 2002; McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al.</i>, 2002; McSweeney, 2004:641;
Fuquen Gomez, 2014:10)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. The construction of new roads and bridges
tends to depress demand </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holtzman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"unpublished","title":"personal
observation in Rio Napo drainage,
Ecuador","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d37de678-b352-482b-983e-3f435a0db3c1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Holtzman,
2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Holtzman,
2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Holtzman,
2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(<i>pers. obs.</i>)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Social stability<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Where traditional lifeways prevail, logboats
play a central role in people’s economic and social lives, and demand for them remains
strong. For example, within a remote community of Maijuna people in the
Peruvian Amazon, logboats serve multiple
purposes, including hunting, fishing, traveling, communication, and carrying agricultural
and forest produce. One informant observed:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">“(I)t is very necessary to have a canoe
[i.e., logboat]. I cannot live without a canoe because you cannot go anywhere
(without one) . . . Sure you can go and fish for a little while with a friend’s
canoe but you cannot take it for a long time. If you have a family you need to
own a canoe” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
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Botany","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002)","manualFormatting":"(Gilmore
et al., 2002:12)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
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and Greenberg, 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al.</i>, 2002:12)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">A similar situation obtains in the community
of Coquí, in the Chocó region of Columbia (Figure 2). Although more
closely integrated within larger economic systems than the Maijuna community mentioned
above, Coquí remains somewhat isolated from the “outside world” by a complete
lack of road connections </span><!--[if supportFields]><span class=fontstyle01><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fuquen
Gomez, 2014)","manualFormatting":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:10)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span class="fontstyle01"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:10)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span class=fontstyle01><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Fuquen Gomez observed:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span class="fontstyle01"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Boats are fundamental for the people of the
Chocó littoral. They are seen</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <span class="fontstyle01">across
the landscape, being used and mentioned daily in a remarkable variety of</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">contexts.
They are central to people and their activities. Many such activities cannot</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">be
conceived in the absence of logboats and therefore, the role they play in their</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">daily
life is essential. Boats allow people to travel to their farms, and to
transport</span> <span class="fontstyle01">back the production of their main
agricultural crops for their own consumption or</span> <span class="fontstyle01">to
be traded. They represent a source of income to the boatbuilders and their</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">families,
by being themselves a product with a commercial value that is greatly</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">appreciated
and widely used. Moreover, the place boats take in the lives of the</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">peoples
(sic) is easily perceived, as they are not only physically present but also</span>
<span class="fontstyle01">continuously
mentioned in riddles and games, in legends, and stories. Boats</span> <span class="fontstyle01">permeate
all sorts of social spheres both physically and symbolically . . . ” </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=fontstyle01><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fuquen
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span class="fontstyle01"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(2014:173)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
class=fontstyle01><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></span><![endif]--><span class="fontstyle01"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J5vRIOwsJjY/Xbll5EAPt3I/AAAAAAAA8R0/HgBZI2-KwL8X0YRqLBaCNmGjTtGFDcrZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Fuquen%2Bpdf%2Bp143.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="A logboat on a river in Coquí, Columbia. (Fuquen Gomez, 2014:120)" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="593" height="215" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J5vRIOwsJjY/Xbll5EAPt3I/AAAAAAAA8R0/HgBZI2-KwL8X0YRqLBaCNmGjTtGFDcrZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Fuquen%2Bpdf%2Bp143.PNG" title="A logboat on a river in Coquí, Columbia. (Fuquen Gomez, 2014:120)" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Figure 2. Logboats play a central role in the lives of the people of Coquí. </span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Fuquen Gomez, 2014:120)</span></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Conversely, where traditional ways lose
adherence, so does the valorization of traditional means of transportation
supplied through traditional methods of exchange and produced by traditional craft
methods. As a Santa Catarina logboat builder stated, ‘‘The culture has no
value, it is dead, it ended, the carpenter is not valued, paid well or hired
anymore’’</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities
should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves
maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant
resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
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Development and
Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Although referring specifically to the
difficulty of recruiting new workers to build logboats (i.e., the supply side
of the transaction), the informant is effectively identifying a demand-side problem
in his society: boatbuilding pays poorly because users do not value logboats highly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Supply Factors<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As with demand, a single phenomenon can have
both positive and negative effects on logboat supply, depending upon the particulars
of the craft tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Access to trees<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Access to suitable trees is obviously
essential for the construction of logboats. In several locales, access is
restricted relative to previous times, impairing boatbuilders’ ability to
pursue the craft </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and Aspidosperma
Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
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Development and Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
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fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.fishres.2012.02.016","ISBN":"0165-7836","ISSN":"01657836","abstract":"Small-scale
fisheries contribute to economies and food security of most of the world's
rural-poor coastal communities but are poorly documented in national and
regional catch statistics. As a result, management of marine commons is inherently
biased towards short-term interests of industrial fleets, rather than the
long-term maintenance of coastal ecosystem health. Artisanal fishers' knowledge
can provide practical information for management, and when shared, can help
build trust between fishers and managers. However, until recently, very few
studies designed to support fisheries management have incorporated fishers'
knowledge. This study was designed to characterize the geography of fishing in
the Gulf of Honduras (GOH), shared by Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras, from the
perspective of artisanal fishers. Data were compiled from semi-formal
interviews with key informants, community meetings, mapping exercises,
workshops with fishers in the GOH during 1998-1999, and participant observations
through July 2011. Data were used to document fishery landings, status and
trends in marine resources, the spatial and the temporal dynamic geography of
fishing, and fishers' suggestions for improved conservation and management.
Many of these suggestions have been implemented in the GOH between 1999 and
2011. This study offers a practical methodology that can be used in other
artisanal, data-sparse fishing areas to document the geography of fishing,
increase the participation of fishers in management, and lead to better
participatory, ecosystem-based management. © 2012 Elsevier
B.V.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Heyman","given":"William
D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Granados-Dieseldorff","given":"Pablo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Fisheries
Research","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"page":"129-148","publisher":"Elsevier
B.V.","title":"The voice of the fishermen of the Gulf of
Honduras: Improving regional fisheries management through fisher
participation","type":"article-journal","volume":"125-126"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dec189c2-d99c-4e8d-8b98-9f3ebd289e6e"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American Geographers","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004; Heyman and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
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Heyman and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650-652;
Heyman and Granados-Dieseldorff, 2012:139; Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2783-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Restrictions on access to logs stem from:
environmental regulations limiting the cutting of trees </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region of
Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use of
forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and
fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Orofino
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2017)","manualFormatting":"(Orofino et al.,
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<i>et al.</i>, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2784-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">; over-logging </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of boom-time
trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
2004:646)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:646)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">; transfer of ownership of the forest
“commons” to commercial forestry companies
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
2004:650-652)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650-652)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">; the “colonization” of previously common
areas by new settlers </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among Honduras's
Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe trading,
especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers, however ,
face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the canoe
commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the largest
barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can speak to a
household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
2004:650)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney, 2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">; and excessive fees charged for timber cutting
rights </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
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Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
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2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650-652)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">These restrictions can increase the time builders
must spend searching for trees and the distance logs must be transported,
thereby increasing their costs </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the
plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
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Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
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2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2784-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. On the other hand, improvements in roads
and trucking services can make long-distance transport of logs easier </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
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<i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2787-2788)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, ameliorating these problems in some areas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Where access to trees of the preferred
species is restricted, builders may substitute less-favoured species </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
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use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
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Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002; Fuquen Gomez,
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al.</i>, 2002; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:131)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. Species substitution may force related
changes in logboat design and building techniques </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
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Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al.</i>, 2002)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (Figure 3). Both of these phenomena
illustrate adaptability within the craft tradition, the implications of which
are discussed below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WoWf4Q2f7Dg/XblmL3UNLeI/AAAAAAAA8R8/jYOUxycfGK0gay28Bvl-e7O1wxzAFvpMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Gilmore.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Maijuna boatbuilders expanding a logboat with fire (Gilmore et al., 2002:24)" border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="446" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WoWf4Q2f7Dg/XblmL3UNLeI/AAAAAAAA8R8/jYOUxycfGK0gay28Bvl-e7O1wxzAFvpMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Gilmore.PNG" title="Maijuna boatbuilders expanding a logboat with fire (Gilmore et al., 2002:24)" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Figure 3. Maijuna boatbuilders began expanding logboats only after their preferred tree species became unavailable, forcing them to use narrower logs. </span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">et al<i>., 2002:24)</i></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Labour</span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Logboat builders report difficulties
attracting labour in general and skilled workers and apprentices in particular,
these problems being related to low rates of pay and the existence of
alternative employment opportunities </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant observation.
Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
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over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
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Geographers","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650-652;
Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2784-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, including other forms of boatbuilding </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The
majority of Brazilian small craft fishing fleet comes from artisanal boatyards
which struggles with market pressure, professional social devaluation, and lack
of raw materials. This work aims to provide a description about small craft
artisanal boatbuilding in Brazilian shores to support initiatives to increase
its social, economical, and environmental sustainability. On site visits and
interviews about craftsmen social-economics; boatyards' production
organization; and manufacturing processes' technological aspects were
conducted. Results show that craftsmen are characterized by reasonable income
and livelihood degree, compared with workers of similar educational level in
their region. Relationships and work organization among them is traditionally
structured and community based. Boatyards have sufficient structure, though
access to new technologies and resources could be increased. Observed plank on
frame building technique depends on workforce skills, commitment, and
knowledge, as well as the resulting boats' design and performance. Small craft
artisanal boatbuilding is a living sector with its own dynamics, subjected to
the creation and eventual adoption of new technologies. Instead of replacing
the current manufacturing process by fibreglass reinforced polymer laminates,
as suggested by some initiatives, it is believed that this sector's
sustainability can be increased by gradual introduction of tools, materials,
and techniques while preserving its artisanal characteristics and
qualities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walter","given":"Yuri","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kindlein","given":"Wilson
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Walter <i>et al.</i>, 2017:574-575)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. As a result, the majority of logboat
builders in some communities are elderly </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
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{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
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types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant observation.
Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
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style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
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which struggles with market pressure, professional social devaluation, and lack
of raw materials. This work aims to provide a description about small craft
artisanal boatbuilding in Brazilian shores to support initiatives to increase
its social, economical, and environmental sustainability. On site visits and
interviews about craftsmen social-economics; boatyards' production
organization; and manufacturing processes' technological aspects were
conducted. Results show that craftsmen are characterized by reasonable income
and livelihood degree, compared with workers of similar educational level in their
region. Relationships and work organization among them is traditionally
structured and community based. Boatyards have sufficient structure, though
access to new technologies and resources could be increased. Observed plank on
frame building technique depends on workforce skills, commitment, and
knowledge, as well as the resulting boats' design and performance. Small craft
artisanal boatbuilding is a living sector with its own dynamics, subjected to
the creation and eventual adoption of new technologies. Instead of replacing
the current manufacturing process by fibreglass reinforced polymer laminates,
as suggested by some initiatives, it is believed that this sector's
sustainability can be increased by gradual introduction of tools, materials,
and techniques while preserving its artisanal characteristics and
qualities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walter","given":"Yuri","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kindlein","given":"Wilson
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2784-2786; Walter <i>et al.</i>, 2017:574-575)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and age-related health problems and the
generally arduous nature of the work causes some builders to drop out of the
market </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and Aspidosperma
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style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge
of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest
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should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves
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knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and
fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Orofino
<i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(Orofino et al., 2017:2785-2786)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Orofino
et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Orofino
<i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2785-2786)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. In coastal Brazil, the attractiveness and
availability of alternative employment opportunities for younger workers is
related to their generally higher levels of education, which is a result of
government education policies </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The
majority of Brazilian small craft fishing fleet comes from artisanal boatyards
which struggles with market pressure, professional social devaluation, and lack
of raw materials. This work aims to provide a description about small craft
artisanal boatbuilding in Brazilian shores to support initiatives to increase
its social, economical, and environmental sustainability. On site visits and
interviews about craftsmen social-economics; boatyards' production organization;
and manufacturing processes' technological aspects were conducted. Results show
that craftsmen are characterized by reasonable income and livelihood degree,
compared with workers of similar educational level in their region.
Relationships and work organization among them is traditionally structured and
community based. Boatyards have sufficient structure, though access to new
technologies and resources could be increased. Observed plank on frame building
technique depends on workforce skills, commitment, and knowledge, as well as
the resulting boats' design and performance. Small craft artisanal boatbuilding
is a living sector with its own dynamics, subjected to the creation and
eventual adoption of new technologies. Instead of replacing the current manufacturing
process by fibreglass reinforced polymer laminates, as suggested by some
initiatives, it is believed that this sector's sustainability can be increased
by gradual introduction of tools, materials, and techniques while preserving
its artisanal characteristics and
qualities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walter","given":"Yuri","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kindlein","given":"Wilson
Junior","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walter","given":"Tatiana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"de","family":"Marielce
De Cássia Ribeiro
Tosta","given":"Marielce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International
Journal of Advances in Engineering &
Technology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"572-584","title":"Artisinal
Boatbuilding in Brazilian Shores: Craftsmen, Boatyards, and Manufacturing
Process","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1abc4931-2b6c-3358-8cbf-c51c28fe1224"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Walter
<i>et al.</i>, 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Walter
et al.,
2017:574-575)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Walter et
al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Walter
<i>et al.</i>, 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Walter <i>et al.</i>, 2017:574-575)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Age is not invariably an impediment, however.
Among the Tawahka Sumu people in Mosquitia, older men possess many advantages
over younger ones, including stronger kin
relationships (a source of unpaid labour), established business relationships
(which gives them better access to suitable trees at good prices), and better
access to credit and to information about market conditions in downstream
market towns </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the canoe
commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the largest
barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can speak to a
household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney, 2004:
650-652)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004: 650-652)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Builders in some societies have access to
unpaid labour through kin obligations </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how rural
producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of boom-time
trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
2004:650)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, <i>mingas</i>
</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and operationalize
a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects and capabilities
are
foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0010:catuca]2.0.co;2","ISSN":"0013-0001","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gilmore","given":"Michael
P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]},{"id":"ITEM-4","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holtzman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"unpublished","title":"personal
observation in Rio Napo drainage,
Ecuador","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d37de678-b352-482b-983e-3f435a0db3c1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002; McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Holtzman,
2018)","manualFormatting":"(Gilmore et al., 2002:20;
McSweeney, 2004:650; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:217-220; Holtzman,
2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore, Eshbaugh and
Greenberg, 2002; McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Holtzman,
2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore, Eshbaugh
and Greenberg, 2002; McSweeney, 2004; Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Holtzman,
2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al.</i>, 2002:20; McSweeney, 2004:650;
Fuquen Gomez, 2014:217-220; <i>pers. obs.</i>)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, or less formalized modes of cooperation.
The <i>minga</i> is a common phenomenon in
rural Latin America, in which members of a community are enlisted by an
individual to assist with a specific large-scale task (such as hauling a log
from the forest or carving it), with an implicit promise that the favour will
be returned at an unspecified time in a manner also unspecified. Unpaid labour
obviously enhances builders’ ability to supply logboats.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Materials and methods<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">The presence of alternative boatbuilding
materials and methods (i.e., plank-on-frame, fiberglass, metal) does not
directly impair a builder’s ability to produce logboats, but it has negative
supply-side effects nonetheless. Many builders now choose to work exclusively
with the newer methods </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The
majority of Brazilian small craft fishing fleet comes from artisanal boatyards
which struggles with market pressure, professional social devaluation, and lack
of raw materials. This work aims to provide a description about small craft
artisanal boatbuilding in Brazilian shores to support initiatives to increase
its social, economical, and environmental sustainability. On site visits and
interviews about craftsmen social-economics; boatyards' production
organization; and manufacturing processes' technological aspects were
conducted. Results show that craftsmen are characterized by reasonable income
and livelihood degree, compared with workers of similar educational level in
their region. Relationships and work organization among them is traditionally
structured and community based. Boatyards have sufficient structure, though
access to new technologies and resources could be increased. Observed plank on
frame building technique depends on workforce skills, commitment, and
knowledge, as well as the resulting boats' design and performance. Small craft
artisanal boatbuilding is a living sector with its own dynamics, subjected to
the creation and eventual adoption of new technologies. Instead of replacing
the current manufacturing process by fibreglass reinforced polymer laminates,
as suggested by some initiatives, it is believed that this sector's
sustainability can be increased by gradual introduction of tools, materials,
and techniques while preserving its artisanal characteristics and
qualities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walter","given":"Yuri","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kindlein","given":"Wilson
Junior","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Walter","given":"Tatiana","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"de","family":"Marielce
De Cássia Ribeiro
Tosta","given":"Marielce","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International
Journal of Advances in Engineering &
Technology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"572-584","title":"Artisinal
Boatbuilding in Brazilian Shores: Craftsmen, Boatyards, and Manufacturing
Process","type":"article-journal","volume":"10"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1abc4931-2b6c-3358-8cbf-c51c28fe1224"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Walter
<i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(Walter et al.,
2017:574-575)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Walter et
al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Walter
<i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Walter <i>et al.</i>, 2017:574-575)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, evidently because there is stronger demand
for them in their local markets. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Economics<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Logboat building remains remunerative for
some builders </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fuquen
Gomez, 2014)","manualFormatting":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:177)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Fuquen Gomez, 2014:177)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. It can provide a better income than
small-scale agriculture and, if pursued only part-time, can provide important
incremental income and income during periods of agricultural “down time” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and the
plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries in
which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane
Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and
Sustainability","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"1-21","title":"Local
knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and
fisheries","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=81f861ef-01ff-4a5f-8451-1816820ebac0"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's canoe
trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between remote
rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American Geographers","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004; Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney, 2004:652-653;
Orofino et al.,
2017:2789)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney, 2004;
Orofino et al.,
2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney, 2004;
Orofino <i>et al.</i>,
2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:652-653;
Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2789)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">To the extent that builders are willing to
barter for goods or services </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN
CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Fuquen
Gomez, 2014)","manualFormatting":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:176-181)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Fuquen Gomez,
2014:176-181)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, they make logboats easier for users to
obtain and thereby strengthen demand. The casual nature of the business thus
works in some ways to preserve the craft. But because logboat building tends to
be practiced on a small scale, its practitioners have limited access to
commercial credit with which to obtain logs and equipment </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"For
over 300 years, dugout canoes have been traded within and between ethnic groups
in the Mosquitia region of Honduras and Nicaragua. Drawing on ethnographic and
archival research, I describe the development and contemporary dynamics of the
canoe trade in order to operationalize, in one particular landscape, recent
calls by geographers and anthropologists for greater ethnographic engagement
with rural livelihoods. For example, historical analysis of the Mosquitia's
canoe trade reveals several unexpected insights into the relationship between
remote rural peoples and international capital, including the interaction and
co-constitution of local and international trade circuits through time, how
rural producers could manipulate canoe production to take advantage of
boom-time trade circuits, and how canoe trading took on added importance during
recessionary periods. Analysis of contemporary canoe production among
Honduras's Tawahka Sumu points, in turn, to the economic viability of canoe
trading, especially in contrast to cash crop production. Individual producers,
however , face a variety of constraints on their ability to benefit from the
canoe commodity chain, with young, undercapitalized households facing the
largest barriers to canoe production and sale. Reliance on canoe sales can
speak to a household's undercapitalization or to its ability to invest in new
opportunities, especially in the form of education for their children.
Ultimately, the canoe case study demonstrates how attention to the trade in
everyday materialities in remote rural regions can help to envision and
operationalize a new form of rural development , in which endogenous projects
and capabilities are foregrounded.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McSweeney","given":"Kendra","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Annals
of the Association of American
Geographers","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]},"page":"638-661","title":"The
Dugout Canoe Trade in Central America's Mosquitia: Approaching Rural
Livelihoods Through Systems of
Exchange","type":"article-journal","volume":"94"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=fe5211fd-49eb-36e8-aa23-6110efa1dc81"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","manualFormatting":"(McSweeney,
2004:650-652)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(McSweeney,
2004)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(McSweeney, 2004:650-652)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and this, of course, works against its
persistence. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Social structures<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Among the more powerful forces for the logboat’s
persistence is the fact that its construction occurs within a craft tradition,
and traditions are by definition conservative. For example, the Tawahka Sumu’s
very identity is “tied to the production and
export of canoes. Their regional reputation in this regard dates from at least
the 1820s, continues to the present, and remains a source of some cultural
pride” (McSweeney, 2004:648, internal references omitted).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Logboat builders have strong connections with
their communities. They may be themselves fishers or otherwise use the boats in
the same ways as their “customers” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
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types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
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P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Eshbaugh","given":"W.
Hardy","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Greenberg","given":"Adolph
M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Economic
Botany","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"10-26","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","title":"The
use, construction, and importance of canoes among the Maijuna of the Peruvian
Amazon","type":"article-journal","volume":"56"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=2f6083de-0dd6-3b32-99a2-01e91ae180c9"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
approach to maritime material
culture","type":"thesis"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=dded2887-e214-46c7-84a7-3f77a7a9d951"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
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2002; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:147-153; Orofino et al.,
2017:2775)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
Eshbaugh and Greenberg, 2002; Fuquen Gomez, 2014; Orofino et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Gilmore,
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2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Gilmore <i>et al.</i>, 2002; Fuquen Gomez, 2014:147-153;
Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2775)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and so feel emotionally bound to provide
the service of logboat building to their communities </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s10668-017-0016-8","ISBN":"1741-8275","ISSN":"15732975","PMID":"20571404","abstract":"©
2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Dugout canoes are traditional boat
types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique
connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction
and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and
the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries
in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes
are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region
of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use
of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data
collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant
observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and
Aspidosperma Mart.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the
canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk
diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights
from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of
fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of
canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood,
changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship,
all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The
knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve
forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing
communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it
involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and
the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing
equipment.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Orofino","given":"Gabriela
Guimarães","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Roque","given":"Thais
Vezehaci","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fonseca
Kruel","given":"Viviane
Stern","non-dropping-particle":"da","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Peroni","given":"Nivaldo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hanazaki","given":"Natalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Environment,
Development and
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2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(Orofino <i>et al.</i>, 2017:2782)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 329.15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adaptability<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Another characteristic of craft traditions
that works toward the persistence of logboats is adaptability or flexibility. Among
examples noted above, flexibility in selection of tree species and adaptability
in production methods to accommodate them, as well as flexibility in terms of
exchange, represent positive factors for supply.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">On the other hand, builders’ adaptability can
also function against the logboat’s survival. Where demand shifts toward other
kinds of boats, some builders shift production accordingly. For suppliers, this
may not represent the abandonment of tradition: it may be a logical adaptation
within their tradition as <i>boat</i>
builders, as opposed to <i>logboat</i>
builders. Along the Rio Napo in Ecuador, end-users make little distinction
between logboats and plank canoes of similar form </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holtzman","given":"Robert","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"publisher":"unpublished","title":"personal
observation in Rio Napo drainage,
Ecuador","type":"article"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d37de678-b352-482b-983e-3f435a0db3c1"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Holtzman,
2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Holtzman,
2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Holtzman,
2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(<i>pers. obs.</i>)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, and builders may have a similar
perspective. A builder who has adopted a chainsaw for felling trees may see it
as a natural transition to use the chainsaw to mill planks, and thereby produce
more boats and greater profit from a given tree.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">This paper proposes supply-and-demand as a framework
within which to assess a vernacular boat type’s prospects for survival in a
given society. It has focused on logboat production in Latin America because an
appropriate number of examples was found in recent literature for convenient
analysis, not because they represent a single, coherent tradition. (They do
not.) For the framework to be practically applied, a detailed ethnographic
description of a boat type’s role in a single society is necessary. Such a
description exists in Fuquen Gomez’s thesis </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fuquen
Gomez","given":"Clara","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"publisher":"University
of Southampton","title":"Logboats of Coquí: An ethnographic
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Gomez, 2014)","manualFormatting":"(2014)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen
Gomez, 2014)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Fuquen Gomez,
2014)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">(2014)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. This paper uses examples from several societies
as a heuristic, to consider a wider variety of supply and demand factors and
cultural responses to them, and thus further explore the framework’s utility. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">As Adams </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1080/00438240120048644","ISBN":"00438243","ISSN":"00438243","abstract":"So
often it is pots that are used to explore social interactions of the past. Yet
in so many cultures, ships and boats have acquired such a prominent symbolic
profile, it might be argued that they are even more potent carriers of meaning
than the pots they so often transported. This paper examines the factors that
give watercraft their archaeological potential and argues that we are only just
beginning to exploit them to the
full.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adams","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"World
archaeology","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"292-310","title":"Ships
and boats as Archaeological Source
Material","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6cea6583-741f-4e5d-98b3-1e549d82709c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Adams","given":"Jonathan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"A
Maritime Archaeology of Ships: Innovation and Social Change in Medieval and
Early Modern Europe","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"publisher":"Oxbow
Books","publisher-place":"Oxford","title":"Maritime
Material Culture","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=14c020b6-c1ac-4bdc-9032-665c24814bb7"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Adams,
2010, 2013)","manualFormatting":"(2010:301,
2013:24)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Adams, 2010,
2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Adams, 2010,
2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US">(2010:301, 2013:24)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> makes clear, ideology and tradition
play key roles in craft traditions. As long as these factors are considered
along with more obvious utilitarian and economic issues, the supply/demand framework
provides a useful tool with which to assess the survival prospects of vernacular watercraft.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"># # #<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">References cited<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Adams,
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-7627893575595637962018-09-16T05:23:00.000-07:002018-09-16T05:23:14.405-07:00Log Rafts on Ecuador’s Rio Napo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW165119344" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW165119344" paraeid="{7408afc9-9be0-48f8-be12-d32a2a6969bc}{155}" paraid="145988322" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">While investigating </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">logboats</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> in the Rio Napo drainage in Ecuador in June, I observed six log rafts within a few kilometers of each other – and no others elsewhere in the same drainage. I do not know if this clustering of rafts was </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">particular </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">to a limited area or if further investigation would reveal more widespread usage. </span><span class="EOP SCXW165119344" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="EOP SCXW165119344" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW165119344" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" paraeid="{38d0c80f-78c7-4d8c-be63-64ff6c9843aa}{201}" paraid="32146090" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" xml:lang="EN-US">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">According to my guide and one other informant – a woman on a raft with her children on the Rio Arajuno, a tributary of the Napo – the rafts serve four or five functions. When observed, the woman's raft was tied to the shore and she was using it as a stationary platform on which to do her family’s laundry, the river bank near her home being too steep and muddy to allow her to do it directly on the shore. She indicated that she also uses rafts to cross the river (the reason for which is unclear) and to deliver her farm’s produce downstream to the nearest road crossing, where it is picked up by a truck for transport and sale in the nearest market town. The downstream trip with produce is a one-way excursion, there being no practical method to bring the raft back upstream. At least some of the time, therefore, the raft itself may be sold for its logs at the end of the voyage.</span><span class="EOP SCXW165119344" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> According to my guide, rafts are also built by some of the numerous "jungle lodges" in the area to give tourists the experience of rafting in the Amazon basin</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;">–</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> quite a different experience, by the way, from the whitewater rafting that is popular in the foothills of the nearby Andes in inflatable rafts.</span></span></div>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW165119344" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" paraeid="{4e785e32-88a6-455a-ae71-20e5c908d6cd}{35}" paraid="760009710" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" xml:lang="EN-US">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">All the rafts observed exhibited strong similarities in their basic construction.</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165119344" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Their</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> main logs were all bound together by two crossbeams locked in place by pegs driven obliquely into the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">tops of the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">main logs</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, and the crossbeams were lashed to the pegs. All had at least some of their main logs cut to a point</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> in plan view</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> at the (presumed) bow end for hydrodynamic efficiency.</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">According to my guide, the main logs are typically balsa wood, although to my untutored view, they did not all appear to be of the same wood. </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">I observed a push-pole on one of the rafts </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> presume this is the common method of propulsion</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, no paddles or other propulsive devices being seen.</span><span class="EOP SCXW165119344" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></div>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW165119344" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;">
<div class="Paragraph SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" paraeid="{4e785e32-88a6-455a-ae71-20e5c908d6cd}{68}" paraid="876630192" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" xml:lang="EN-US">
<span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" paraeid="{4e785e32-88a6-455a-ae71-20e5c908d6cd}{68}" paraid="876630192" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" xml:lang="EN-US">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Beyond these similarities, though, the rafts exhibited </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">distinctive differences that seem to indicate that the technology, while useful</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and surely rooted in tradition</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, is not </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">rigidly </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">bound by it</span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. For example: the rafts were built of 3, 4, 5 or 6 logs</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> – </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">quite a range of variation in just six examples; some of the rafts had additional crossbeams above the crossed locking pegs </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;">–</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> others did not; some of the pegs and crossbeams were milled lumber </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;">–</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: none;"> others were not; and the lashing materials varied widely. </span><span class="TextRun SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The photos and captions below explore these similarities and differences in designs and construction.</span><span class="EOP SCXW165119344" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="Paragraph SCXW165119344" lang="EN-US" paraeid="{4e785e32-88a6-455a-ae71-20e5c908d6cd}{68}" paraid="876630192" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" xml:lang="EN-US">
<span class="EOP SCXW165119344" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 20.5042px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-t1m3ghtSc9E/W541zEs-kaI/AAAAAAAA3IM/afcOXhTUei0ScLspceu2G-oOxKDw65R_QCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_105424.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-t1m3ghtSc9E/W541zEs-kaI/AAAAAAAA3IM/afcOXhTUei0ScLspceu2G-oOxKDw65R_QCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_105424.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The most archetypal of the six rafts has five logs, pointed at the bow end (left of photo) with two sets of cross-beams. (Click any image to enlarge.)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TkM089LysIc/W542YwElDQI/AAAAAAAA3IY/9mtDSCj2zQcuGiGrLrvfemKCPJlDHEooACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_105532.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TkM089LysIc/W542YwElDQI/AAAAAAAA3IY/9mtDSCj2zQcuGiGrLrvfemKCPJlDHEooACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_105532.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Each set of cross-beams consists of two beams, one atop the other, held in place and separated by pairs of pegs driven into the main logs in an X pattern. The beams and pegs are lashed together with what appear to be narrow palm leaves (possibly pandanus?).</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M2AB6dq0aWQ/W542n2DkV9I/AAAAAAAA3Ig/H2u1vijlQkkUsdov4_HMoCC1K7venCofACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_105555_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The upper crossbeam is lashed indirectly to the lower one, and not to the pegs. Its purpose may be to spread the upper legs of the X'd pegs, locking them into the main logs.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M2AB6dq0aWQ/W542n2DkV9I/AAAAAAAA3Ig/H2u1vijlQkkUsdov4_HMoCC1K7venCofACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_105555_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M2AB6dq0aWQ/W542n2DkV9I/AAAAAAAA3Ig/H2u1vijlQkkUsdov4_HMoCC1K7venCofACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_105555_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gXK5IAfZDy4/W54266l6kmI/AAAAAAAA3Is/UEkD1oYxMeAnzDqsva7nN02nt53zDjq-gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_105452.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gXK5IAfZDy4/W54266l6kmI/AAAAAAAA3Is/UEkD1oYxMeAnzDqsva7nN02nt53zDjq-gCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_105452.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Just forward of the forward crossbeam assembly is a pair of crossed pegs set in the top in the middle log. Their purpose is unknown: perhaps they were placed incorrectly and could not be easily removed.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N-VWE8rGgEA/W546bzMK5dI/AAAAAAAA3I4/-OiPYO0UXLMAF5z8XR_iv6vzg2PbxQCfQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_101209.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="family on log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N-VWE8rGgEA/W546bzMK5dI/AAAAAAAA3I4/-OiPYO0UXLMAF5z8XR_iv6vzg2PbxQCfQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_101209.jpg" title="family on log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The informant doing laundry with her children on a six-log raft. Most of the logs are tapered in plan view at the front. The boy wearing red shorts is sitting on a bench whose legs extend between the logs. The bench is not fastened to the raft and probably does not represent a permanent part of its furniture. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2sFo7US5b9M/W5468NyqVGI/AAAAAAAA3JA/04loaQt3Ks4-NCWyaWdNAGZSpwtcWO3tQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_101159.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2sFo7US5b9M/W5468NyqVGI/AAAAAAAA3JA/04loaQt3Ks4-NCWyaWdNAGZSpwtcWO3tQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_101159.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Lashing and peg arrangement of the forward cross-beam assembly. The lower crossbeam appears to be let into the upper surface of the outboard log.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9ZEV-hrCL04/W547T0qWiRI/AAAAAAAA3JM/AalHxaYWnOYCTIH_df0TbkaUkuMR3Xk0ACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_101233.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="1024" height="198" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9ZEV-hrCL04/W547T0qWiRI/AAAAAAAA3JM/AalHxaYWnOYCTIH_df0TbkaUkuMR3Xk0ACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_101233.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The cross-plank in front of the woman is nailed in to least one of the logs. It is unclear if the plank she is sitting on is fastened or loose. The lower aft crossbeam also appears to be let into the upper surface of the outboard main log. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vc_adYZYgRQ/W549V03-MyI/AAAAAAAA3JY/Wi_c_AfO00kR783Mwuc_U8BUhQeDsIJKQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_114518.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Vc_adYZYgRQ/W549V03-MyI/AAAAAAAA3JY/Wi_c_AfO00kR783Mwuc_U8BUhQeDsIJKQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_114518.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Unlike the previous rafts, the main logs on this 3-log raft are spaced away from each other, not adjacent. The outer logs are much larger in diameter than the central one and their bow ends are tapered both in plan view and from the bottom to the top for a true boat-bow shape. The smaller central log is only slightly tapered in plan view. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2GrWzlV262Y/W549rCPdUVI/AAAAAAAA3Jg/w5Raxtl97HQVUZ99jVi7ANM9MNfE_UQsACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_114513.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2GrWzlV262Y/W549rCPdUVI/AAAAAAAA3Jg/w5Raxtl97HQVUZ99jVi7ANM9MNfE_UQsACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_114513.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The front crossbeam is a single beam. On the port log, it is secured by a single peg placed aft of it.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VgruVGspsuw/W5497GbxZTI/AAAAAAAA3Jo/NKIAZvFBjoEiFnx-C8WXN9vSsmucZx2EQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180618_114629.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VgruVGspsuw/W5497GbxZTI/AAAAAAAA3Jo/NKIAZvFBjoEiFnx-C8WXN9vSsmucZx2EQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180618_114629.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The aft crossbeam assembly consists of two crossbeams, the upper one being a piece of recycled milled lumber. The port (foreground) lashing is old fishnet. The starboard lashing is a piece of insulated electrical wire. There are no lashings at the middle log. Forward of this assembly (to the left) is a piece of milled lumber nailed into all three logs and serving as an additional crossbeam.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--EnmhWpawpc/W54_2ZkbivI/AAAAAAAA3J0/zKq0Lmt7XkE0eDvzxQpKObrUiSBim3r4gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180619_112253.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--EnmhWpawpc/W54_2ZkbivI/AAAAAAAA3J0/zKq0Lmt7XkE0eDvzxQpKObrUiSBim3r4gCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180619_112253.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">This four-log raft was found aground on a gravel bar in the middle of the Rio Napo, probably washed from its owner's shore front home by heavy rains a couple days previously. The logs are all adjacent, the outer ones being much larger in diameter than the inner ones and milled flat on their upper surfaces. The inner logs, however, extend somewhat further (but not equally so) than the outer ones. The ends of the outer logs are boat-shaped; the ends of the inner logs are square.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bDn3Xr0u_fA/W55AZyKaJ1I/AAAAAAAA3J8/KfBuKqSKb1I2Y20uzujaaBuROy2HK2FKwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180619_112448.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bDn3Xr0u_fA/W55AZyKaJ1I/AAAAAAAA3J8/KfBuKqSKb1I2Y20uzujaaBuROy2HK2FKwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180619_112448.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">At the opposite end, however, one of the inner logs is tapered to a boat shape while the other remains square. Both outer logs have notches cut in the upper edges of their tapered sections, probably to hold ropes which are no longer in evidence. Perhaps the logs were previously used in another raft which was held together by lashing alone instead of the pegs-and-lashing method.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MCBEThX-LwE/W55A1yuNRNI/AAAAAAAA3KM/I2clWZs8AmUKB4vhtWeEAUwhPrZc9OVJQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180619_112348.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MCBEThX-LwE/W55A1yuNRNI/AAAAAAAA3KM/I2clWZs8AmUKB4vhtWeEAUwhPrZc9OVJQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180619_112348.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Next to one of the crossbeam assemblies are a pair of vertical rods that stick up more than half a meter from the upper surface of the outer logs. Their purpose is unknown. The crossbeam is a single piece of milled lumber</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-euSEKp-kaUw/W55A9TAKQMI/AAAAAAAA3KQ/LORuqaZ27lQ3fnHUJWEjwkU1WPobwkoPACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180619_112319.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-euSEKp-kaUw/W55A9TAKQMI/AAAAAAAA3KQ/LORuqaZ27lQ3fnHUJWEjwkU1WPobwkoPACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180619_112319.jpg" title="log raft, Amazon Basin, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">The other crossbeam, also a single piece of milled lumber (but of different dimensions) is lashed carelessly with old fishnet. One of the pairs of pegs in an outer log (left foreground) does not enclose the crossbeam, providing support to the notion that the outer logs previously belonged to a different raft.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oNCciS49qQE/W55BHGa--nI/AAAAAAAA3KY/kXEbUTwHBRALEzdxJrXSmePeOGfsZpMzwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180619_112521.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oNCciS49qQE/W55BHGa--nI/AAAAAAAA3KY/kXEbUTwHBRALEzdxJrXSmePeOGfsZpMzwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180619_112521.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">End view of the same raft shows that the smaller, inner logs are set lower than the larger outer ones.</span></td></tr>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-2104171407009251262018-08-02T09:34:00.001-07:002018-08-04T12:33:11.428-07:00A Logboat Under Construction in Amazonian Ecuador<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In June, I went searching for logboats along a portion of the drainage of the Rio Napo in <i>el Oriente </i>-- that part of Ecuador that lies to the east of the Andes Mountains. The Napo and all other rivers here drain ultimately into the Amazon.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Kichwa canoe builder" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-voDrdLB-oNU/W2MfO2ejP3I/AAAAAAAA11E/XBBCBll1hvoIEEgS1ZIKX-CjwK7q6lcFgCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_103434.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Kichwa canoe builder" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fernando Vargas-Tapuy, Kichwa farmer and canoe builder, at the base of a <i>chunchu </i>tree. (Click any image to enlarge.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On my first day in the forest</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">, accompanied by a guide/translator and a driver</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">, I explored the Rio Jatunyaco, a tributary of the Napo. In the dispersed rural community of Ichu Urku, I met Fernando Vargas-Tapuy. Like almost everyone in this area, Fernando is Kichwa (i.e., Quichua). He lives with his wife and toddler daughter on a small farm where they grow cacao, maize, yuca, plantain, and guava, consuming 5-10% of it and selling the surplus in the nearby city of Tena. He also pans for gold in the Rio Yucho Pino (in spite of the "rio" in its name, this tributary of the Jatunyaco is really just a mountain stream), typically collecting 1.0 to 1.5 grams in a day of work. Fernando's farm has no electricity, but he does have mobile phone coverage. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fernando told my guide that with the help of an uncle, he was building a dugout canoe nearby, and he was willing to take us there to see it. With Fernando leading, we walked through his farm, across muddy fields, then up a slick, narrow, steep path over a low mountain. Although the sun was overcast, the humidity was oppressive, and the 40- minute walk proved to be the hardest hike I have ever done. At one point, Fernando stopped to cut me a walking stick with his machete. This helped a great deal, especially when crossing and recrossing the rocky Rio Yucho Pino several times. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="dugout canoe construction in Ecuador's Amazon" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-StSVUhN9LEU/W2Mfe5ePOQI/AAAAAAAA11Q/rmHPIL9BwTsZmeeVJCvk6AwE1gtQWi72QCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_111957_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="dugout canoe construction in Ecuador's Amazon" width="240" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fernando at the canoe building site, high on the side of a steep hill.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">High on the mountain we came to the canoe building site. The canoe was being carved where the trunk had been felled, on a fairly steep slope. At first sight, it looked abandoned, for it was full of sodden wood chips and partially covered in fungus. In fact, it was being actively worked, but the environment is so moist, and fungus grows so rapidly there, that a pause of just a few days suffices to give rise to a substantial crop. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The canoe had been under construction since April and, working with his uncle, Fernando expected to finish it in June. It would not be moved, however, until the flow in the Rio Yucho Pino went down. Too steep to paddle, the Yucho Pino represents an impediment, not a canoe corridor, until it dries out. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When it does, Fernando will call for a <i>minga</i> -- a Kichwa tradition in which the people of a community work together in a system of shared obligations. Approximately a dozen men will help carry the boat down the mountain and to the river, a process that will take about two days. Fernando will provide food and or drink to his helpers, but no payment. What is expected is Fernando's participation the next time a neighbor calls a minga.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fernando plans to use the canoe to transport his produce to Tena and to bring his daughter to school when she is old enough. He says he will paddle it himself and not fit it with an outboard engine. With more than three people aboard or a heavy cargo, more than one paddler would be required. Based on observations of other canoeists nearby, I believe the canoe will also be poled as often as it is paddled, although I did not discuss this with Fernando. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hMt-TZO4Lq8/W2MghGo2IEI/AAAAAAAA11s/izGwlHz_mXkC8h1GTCqB6Hxbx73IQhS8gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_114313.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="dugout canoe construction in Ecuador's Amazon" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hMt-TZO4Lq8/W2MghGo2IEI/AAAAAAAA11s/izGwlHz_mXkC8h1GTCqB6Hxbx73IQhS8gCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_114313.jpg" title="dugout canoe construction in Ecuador's Amazon" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The canoe measures 7.50 meters LOA and 61cm beam. It is roughly 36 cm from the exterior bottom to the top of the gunwale and 25cm deep on the interior, but according to the builder, the bottom will be hollowed another 5cm or so, for a final interior depth of about 30cm and a bottom thickness of about 6cm. The sides are 27mm thick at the sheer. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L59_TeV-aoc/W2Miz0gQYuI/AAAAAAAA12w/eGlZvm959U8_wNaYc50d4P3nLYok_2xmQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_115926.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe, Ecuador, detail" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L59_TeV-aoc/W2Miz0gQYuI/AAAAAAAA12w/eGlZvm959U8_wNaYc50d4P3nLYok_2xmQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_115926.jpg" title="dugout canoe, Ecuador, detail" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fungus growth is apparent on the exterior. Rough exterior shaping was done with a chainsaw, tool marks of which are visible.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="stump from canoe tree, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WswaGnLDgtA/W2MgofYybnI/AAAAAAAA11w/2TXxOzpbL0gctU7BzQn3g8apwflciQ7UwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_115128.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="stump from canoe tree, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fernando called the tree from which the trunk was cut a <i>chunchu</i>, the wood of which he says is hard and durable. He expects the canoe's lifespan to be four years. The stump was deeply lobed, not at all round. Its extreme measurements at the cut were 142cm x 86cm. (A blue pen was placed on the trunk for scale.)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WswaGnLDgtA/W2MgofYybnI/AAAAAAAA11w/2TXxOzpbL0gctU7BzQn3g8apwflciQ7UwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_115128.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WswaGnLDgtA/W2MgofYybnI/AAAAAAAA11w/2TXxOzpbL0gctU7BzQn3g8apwflciQ7UwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_115128.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N2EPShISteY/W2MgwzgPLjI/AAAAAAAA114/1e6O5CEM2nIiGKu3zLlbW_tycU3MPCcAQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_103405.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Chunchu tree, Ecuador's Amazon" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N2EPShISteY/W2MgwzgPLjI/AAAAAAAA114/1e6O5CEM2nIiGKu3zLlbW_tycU3MPCcAQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_103405.jpg" title="Chunchu tree, Ecuador's Amazon" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A chunchu tree on Fernando's farm -- not nearly as large in girth as the tree he and his uncle cut on the mountain for the canoe.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r9spmc9oAlM/W2MkqnZfG6I/AAAAAAAA13E/x6evron0XdgiYP_Lo4QFcehLBIOwJXXRwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_103806.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="leaves of Chunchu tree" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r9spmc9oAlM/W2MkqnZfG6I/AAAAAAAA13E/x6evron0XdgiYP_Lo4QFcehLBIOwJXXRwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_103806.jpg" title="leaves of Chunchu tree" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Leaves and branches of a chunchu.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-288HzXpRvdI/W2MhF92KcYI/AAAAAAAA12E/4vrKG8wQ7nAp4NIryLLuKfuliH77k8IiACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_114125.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe building in el Oriente, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-288HzXpRvdI/W2MhF92KcYI/AAAAAAAA12E/4vrKG8wQ7nAp4NIryLLuKfuliH77k8IiACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_114125.jpg" title="dugout canoe building in el Oriente, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">After initial shaping with a chainsaw, the canoe is slab-sided with angular ends. The forefoot will be cut back later for an easier entry, and the square chines will be relieved for a round bottom. Fernando took a few swipes with his machete near the top of the bow to show that the red-colored wood was sound beneath the covering of fungus. </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2k2pOxSThcA/W2MhjAFisOI/AAAAAAAA12Q/2yJ3W7LKugU80RON20vB-MgOmiP5H1cPACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_115919.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe in el Oriente, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2k2pOxSThcA/W2MhjAFisOI/AAAAAAAA12Q/2yJ3W7LKugU80RON20vB-MgOmiP5H1cPACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_115919.jpg" title="dugout canoe in el Oriente, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Another view of the rough-cut bow.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MRhRJ2cIQ3w/W2MhwubzuMI/AAAAAAAA12U/IvAg0AYzNrw9Wae0saN0YYs06Imgl7-KwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_113926.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe stern in el Oriente, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MRhRJ2cIQ3w/W2MhwubzuMI/AAAAAAAA12U/IvAg0AYzNrw9Wae0saN0YYs06Imgl7-KwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_113926.jpg" title="dugout canoe stern in el Oriente, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A seat for the paddler is carved into the stern just forward of the aft platform. This feature is typical of the canoes on the upper Napo drainage.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-44RB30JOtJ0/W2MiB3sCjVI/AAAAAAAA12g/c4uqJv1Jj94bZ3rH6Nv5n_TKPEYpJ_AGgCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_113934.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe stern and builder in el Oriente, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-44RB30JOtJ0/W2MiB3sCjVI/AAAAAAAA12g/c4uqJv1Jj94bZ3rH6Nv5n_TKPEYpJ_AGgCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_113934.jpg" title="dugout canoe stern and builder in el Oriente, Ecuador" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A more complete view of the stern.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vrX9H2WhBUY/W2MjANZDndI/AAAAAAAA120/PqPcCi8WeOA3BqnyGz8_5F4JrSsGaOgTwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_115542.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe detail, el Oriente, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vrX9H2WhBUY/W2MjANZDndI/AAAAAAAA120/PqPcCi8WeOA3BqnyGz8_5F4JrSsGaOgTwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_115542.jpg" title="dugout canoe detail, el Oriente, Ecuador" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">From the cross-hatch marks in the bottom interior, it appears that gross material removal was performed with a chainsaw, although I did not confirm this with the builder. Later shaping was done with an axe and two-handed and one-hand adzes, marks of which are clearly visible on the sides.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7s42LnLrVkM/W2MiZnc4eDI/AAAAAAAA12o/5rnFA9W-H7QrVaczs02Co8otnvEdjjFoQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180612_114250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="dugout canoe transom, el Oriente, Ecuador" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7s42LnLrVkM/W2MiZnc4eDI/AAAAAAAA12o/5rnFA9W-H7QrVaczs02Co8otnvEdjjFoQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180612_114250.jpg" title="dugout canoe transom, el Oriente, Ecuador" width="240" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The end of the trunk split when the tree was felled. A cleat was nailed across the transom to prevent the split from spreading further. A large percentage of the dugouts I saw in this area were split at the stern, with heavy wire more typically used to prevent further splitting. </span></td></tr>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6466695305125791022.post-9954869758568437272018-06-26T06:47:00.001-07:002018-06-27T04:42:31.324-07:00Ancient Boat Artifacts at National Museum of Ecuador<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Watercraft played central roles in the economic, social, and
spiritual lives of Ecuador’s prehispanic coastal cultures. Referring to the
period of the region’s first civilizations, from 2000 to 200 BCE, Karen Olsen
Bruhns states that “Transportation on the coast was … almost
entirely by boat, and canoe models are common in the art of the region.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Artifacts on display at the newly renovated <a href="http://www.casadelacultura.gob.ec/" target="_blank">National Museum of Ecuador</a> in Quito demonstrate the importance of watercraft to Ecuador’s
prehispanic populations and illustrate some of the ways in which they were used.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6h5o_051Hvo/WzI4gQo4P9I/AAAAAAAAw80/AGRq5bmzRVgocOFOCgLRrdRiiDjvZHstwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_101322.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Canoe paddlers, Tolita culture" border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="697" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6h5o_051Hvo/WzI4gQo4P9I/AAAAAAAAw80/AGRq5bmzRVgocOFOCgLRrdRiiDjvZHstwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_101322.jpg" title="Canoe paddlers, Tolita culture" width="257" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The ceramic canoe paddlers in this and the following image, from the Tolita culture (600 BCE to 400 CE) have been found in significant numbers (see previous post for similar <a href="http://indigenousboats.blogspot.com/2018/01/canoes-and-canoeists-of-ancient-ecuador.html" target="_blank">figures of Tolita paddlers</a>), testifying to the importance of the canoeist in daily
life. (Click any image to enlarge.) </span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Canoe paddlers, Tolita culture" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="497" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gZMeav9ApGI/WzI4jvlrqsI/AAAAAAAAw84/Q1qjk7Ltdv0wJzRbuRjWua2UMle0cCOuACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_101440.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Canoe paddlers, Tolita culture" width="165" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The
bulging cheeks show that the paddlers are chewing coca leaves. Since coca is
not native to Ecuador’s coast, this suggests regular trade between the coast
and the Andes or even the Amazon. And because the medicinal effects of coca at
countering altitude sickness are irrelevant on the coast, it may indicate that
even common people – not just shamans – used coca for its
stimulant/hallucinogenic effects.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HPGVhxoT150/WzI5b2-lqEI/AAAAAAAAw9I/ogOmg11U88wPm-DIPlhpojDBm-_rvzWDACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_101358.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Model of a Tolita canoeist with a stabilized logboat" border="0" data-original-height="888" data-original-width="749" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HPGVhxoT150/WzI5b2-lqEI/AAAAAAAAw9I/ogOmg11U88wPm-DIPlhpojDBm-_rvzWDACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_101358.jpg" title="Model of a Tolita canoeist with a stabilized logboat" width="269" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A
Tolita paddler in his ceramic canoe. Unlike the previous paddlers, who sat with
their legs spread, this one sits with his legs together. Behind him are the
remains of a second paddler with his legs spread to clear the first one’s hips,
while in the bow are the feet of an otherwise missing standing or squatting
passenger or high-status individual. The modeling of the complete paddler is more
sophisticated than in the previous photos.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XrKjLOkI3go/WzI5eh4a5nI/AAAAAAAAw9M/QqEBwxFtsS4a9wWKNKhLZllJJMM5hb3sACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_101409.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Model of a Tolita canoeist with a stabilized logboat" border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="1024" height="169" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XrKjLOkI3go/WzI5eh4a5nI/AAAAAAAAw9M/QqEBwxFtsS4a9wWKNKhLZllJJMM5hb3sACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_101409.jpg" title="Model of a Tolita canoeist with a stabilized logboat" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The
canoe has stabilizer boards attached to both sides, at or just above the
waterline. In case of a sudden loss of balance, these boards would provide some
resistance to further tipping and give
the paddlers a precious moment in which to apply bracing strokes to prevent a
capsize.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3ymZGcp6h54/WzI7RWbMstI/AAAAAAAAw9Y/IoZuHDeGXa4ZrQgYaZvqjsQtzYNsaRYNACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_101258%2Bcropped%2BJama%2BCoaque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jama Coaque figurine-drinking vessel" border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1233" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3ymZGcp6h54/WzI7RWbMstI/AAAAAAAAw9Y/IoZuHDeGXa4ZrQgYaZvqjsQtzYNsaRYNACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_101258%2Bcropped%2BJama%2BCoaque.jpg" title="Jama Coaque figurine-drinking vessel" width="314" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The item, from the Jama Coaque culture (350 BCE – 1532 CE) is
identified on the exhibit card as a “paddler attached to a vessel” (<i>Remero adosado a recipiente</i>). I question
the identification and suggest that the figure represents a warrior, not a
paddler, as the item he holds looks more like a spear than a paddle to my eyes,
and I have not seen the kneeling posture in other prehispanic depictions of
Ecuadorian canoeists. The figure’s attachment to a drinking vessel strongly
suggests ritual usage, which is not surprising for a warrior figure, somewhat
more so for that of a canoeist. If the figure does indeed represent a paddler,
this places canoeists at a high level of social significance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ofupwirCg-8/WzI8PrlxJKI/AAAAAAAAw9k/7KgyRGTT0AYDuTn4pgkv8cbPU3aQdyIoQCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_101043.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Silver raft model from Bahia culture" border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="1024" height="204" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ofupwirCg-8/WzI8PrlxJKI/AAAAAAAAw9k/7KgyRGTT0AYDuTn4pgkv8cbPU3aQdyIoQCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_101043.jpg" title="Silver raft model from Bahia culture" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A
model raft in silver from the Bahia culture (500 BCE to 650 CE), manned by two
paddlers, a steersman, and an individual of high status.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zghbB5cKAWk/WzI8SssMKDI/AAAAAAAAw9s/BGZfKbIfLNwYZ5Dl8Xi8wjPaWeQkDkJ_ACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180525_114518.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Silver raft model from Bahia culture" border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="768" height="265" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zghbB5cKAWk/WzI8SssMKDI/AAAAAAAAw9s/BGZfKbIfLNwYZ5Dl8Xi8wjPaWeQkDkJ_ACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180525_114518.jpg" title="Silver raft model from Bahia culture" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The
logs are lashed together with silver wire. The figures are severely flattened sagitally, meant to be viewed only frontally, regardless of their orientation on the raft.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_BfJZ9jbfUg/WzI8Stfo-EI/AAAAAAAAw9o/NN2hKaNe1mME4qX_t8h_v--rUvnYHLBSwCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180525_114537.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Silver raft model from Bahia culture" border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="567" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_BfJZ9jbfUg/WzI8Stfo-EI/AAAAAAAAw9o/NN2hKaNe1mME4qX_t8h_v--rUvnYHLBSwCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180525_114537.jpg" title="Silver raft model from Bahia culture" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">The longer logs are outboard and shorter ones inboard, counter to common
practice of Ecuador’s later Manteño culture (500-1532 CE) and of many other
raft-building cultures around the world, in which longer logs tend to be placed
closer to the centerline, giving the raft a pointed bow (and sometimes stern as
well).</span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xbhxP-1pRxk/WzI9QvoI2TI/AAAAAAAAw98/AkfzwtuwV_QpnZ7zlY8ZshXK4hWDJFn0gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_100525.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Manteño tools for collecting Spondylus" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xbhxP-1pRxk/WzI9QvoI2TI/AAAAAAAAw98/AkfzwtuwV_QpnZ7zlY8ZshXK4hWDJFn0gCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_100525.jpg" title="Manteño tools for collecting Spondylus" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Tools used by the Manteño culture to collect thorny oysters (<i>Spondylus</i>). On the left is a weight used
by divers to enable them to descend rapidly to the depth where spondylus are
found. On the right is a chisel used to loosen the mollusks from the rocks to
which they attach themselves. Spondylus was important to many of Ecuador’s prehispanic
coastal cultures for its spiritual symbolism, for the production of jewelry and
other ornaments, and as an item of exchange.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LlQ63jnkfww/WzI9ioKFucI/AAAAAAAAw-E/bKFPQW1jdH8akXoCdax5V8-UWpQRbfaEACLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_20180519_100600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Manteño collecting Spondylus" border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LlQ63jnkfww/WzI9ioKFucI/AAAAAAAAw-E/bKFPQW1jdH8akXoCdax5V8-UWpQRbfaEACLcBGAs/s320/IMG_20180519_100600.jpg" title="Manteño collecting Spondylus" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="Style1">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A fish's-eye depiction of diving for spondylus from a three-log raft using
tools like those in the previous photo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Not explicitly depicted by these artifacts are other activities
for which prehispanic coastal Ecuadorians used watercraft, including: fishing
for finfish, carrying produce and trade items, and traveling for social
purposes and for war. According to Bruhns, “Canoes seem to have been the major
means of transport in northern Ecuador, whereas the river rafts appear to have
been much used in the huge, meandering rivers of the Guayas Basin [at the mouth
of which is Guayaquil, modern Ecuador’s largest city], later being converted to
coast-wise transport as well.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Source: Karen Olsen Bruhns quotations from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Ancient-South-America-Cambridge-Archaeology/dp/0521277612" target="_blank">Ancient South America</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1994 (reprint
1999), pp.148-9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">www.IndigenousBoats.com is produced by Bob Holtzman of Your Name Here Communications</div>Bob Holtzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05878339327766256094noreply@blogger.com6